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102 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Build bone

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2
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Crumble bone

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3
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

form connective tissue, ie periodontal ligament and pulp.

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4
Q

What do ameloblasts do?

A

Form enamel

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5
Q

What do odontoblasts do?

A

Form dentine

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6
Q

What does HIV do to transcription?

A

Causes reverse transcription

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7
Q

What are nucleic acids made out of?

A

Polymerised nucleotides

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8
Q

What are the five nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine (Uracil in RNA), Guanine

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9
Q

What does nucleic acid make up?

A

chromosomes or the genome

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10
Q

What does interplay between genes and the environment affect?

A

Gene expression

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10
Q

How do stem cells work?

A

Differentiate when a gene is switched on by a highly coordinated pattern of expression regulated by proteins and nucleic acids

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11
Q

What are some common features of a cell?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Ribosomes
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosomes
  • Centrosomes
  • Proteasomes
  • Peroxisomes
  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus
  • Cytoskeleton
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12
Q

What are some types of cell appendages?

A
  • Microvilli
  • Cilia
  • Flagella
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13
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

Increase absorptive area

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Generate fluid movement (ie gut)

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16
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

Aid motility

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17
Q

Describe the cell membrane.

A

A phospholipid bilayer with interspaced proteins.

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18
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane (proteins)?

A

Maintaining cellular integrity, controlling entry and exit, interacting with extracellular molecules such as hormones, forming connections with other cells and structures

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19
Q

Explain the cytoplasm.

A

A water based gel-like structure which supports organelles

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20
Q

What does ‘membraneous’ mean?

A

The organelle cannot exist in the same environment as the cell.

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21
Q

Explain the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Membraneous canals/sacs which are invlolved in cellular transport (export).

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22
Q

What are the two types of ER?

A

-Smooth: Involved in lipid synthesis
-Rough: Involved in protein synthesis

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23
Q

Explain ribosomes

A

Non membraneous organelles made up of RNA and proteins which synthesise proteins.

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24
Q

Where are the two locations of ribosomes?

A

Free or on the ER

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25
Q

Describe the Golgi apparatus.

A

A membraneous organelle composed of stacked cisternae (sacs) which packages proteins for secretion.

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26
Q

Where is the golgi apparatus located?

A

Near the Nucleus.

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27
Q

Describe the mitochondria.

A

A membraneous organelle which has two membranes and produces ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

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28
Q

What does endosymbiont theory refer to?

A

The evolution of mitochondria in eukaryote cells. Small bacterium invades host cell and multiplies, giving the host the ability to oxidise nutrients.

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29
Q

Describe lysosomes.

A

Membraneous organelles which are derived from golgi and contribute to the cell’s immune system by carrying out enzymatic break down of foreign particles. They protect cells from bacteria.

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30
Q

What are important lysosomes in the human body?

A

White blood cells

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31
Q

What are proteasomes?

A

Non-membraneous proteinaceous drums which destroy ubiquitin tagged proteins by causing them to unfold (enzymes) and break peptide bonds.

32
Q

What do proteasomes recycle?

A

Amino acids.

33
Q

Describe peroxisomes.

A

Membraneous organelles which detox the cell of harmful substances. They contain catylase and peroxidase enzymes.

34
Q

Describe the nucleus.

A

A double membraned organelle with pores which contains the entire genome, generates mRNA which specifies a protein to ribosomes.

35
Q

Describe the nucleolus.

A

A structure inside of the nucleus composed of mostly RNA which synthesises rRNA which is exported and combines with ribosomal proteins making functional ribosomes.

36
Q

Describe the cytoskeleton.

A

A flexible internal supporting framework which facilitates cell movement and is composed of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

37
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Twisted actin strands

38
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Keratinaceous structures

39
Q

What are microtubules?

A

essential in cell division (spindle fibres) and have cilia and flagella for movement.

40
Q

What is a tubulin?

A

An ‘engine’ which moves vesicles, chromosomes, and organelles around.

41
Q

What are important functions of proteins?

A
  • Structure
  • Catalysis
  • Regulation (of proteins or genes)
  • Transportation (channels, pumps, binding proteins)
  • Defence/offence (antibodies, defensins)
42
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

43
Q

How many amino acids are essential?

A

9, we obtain them through food.

44
Q

How are amino acids used?

A

They are polymerised to make peptides -> proteins

45
Q

How do amino acids differ from each other?

A

By side (R) chain. This allows diversity of both structure and function.

46
Q

What are the four R chain states?

A

Charged, uncharged, polar (hydrophilic), or non-polar (hydrophobic)

47
Q

What does a peptide bond look like?

A

A C=O C-N N-H network (CHON)

48
Q

What is the N terminus?

A

The amino terminus of a molecule.

49
Q

What is the C terminus?

A

The carboxyl terminus of a molecule.

50
Q

What is primary structure?

A

Sequence of amino acids forming a polypeptide chain.

51
Q

What is secondary structure?

A

Alpha helices and Beta pleated sheets which occur as a result of interaction (H bonding) between parts of the polypeptide.

52
Q

What is tertiary structure?

A

A combination of Alpha and Beta shapes as a result of H bonding/covalent bonding with other protein.

53
Q

What is quarternary structure?

A

A combination of alpha and beta shapes when there is more than one polypeptide chain

54
Q

Describe centrosomes.

A

Non-membraneous organelles which control centre and microtubule activity, as well as cell division.

55
Q

What must cells be attached to?

A

Each other or an ECM

56
Q

What is cellular attachment mediated by?

A

membrane proteins such as integrins, selectins, cadherins, immunoglobins

57
Q

What are the three types of cellular connections?

A

Desmosomes, gap junctions, tight junctions.

58
Q

Describe desmosomes

A
  • plasma membranes locked together like velcro
  • very strong
  • help epithelial cells to resist mechanical stresses.
59
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • energy currency of cells
  • energy is stored in the bonds linking the phosphate molecules.
60
Q

Describe gap junctions.

A
  • Connects cytoplasms of two cells (membrane proteins-connexons) -
  • Allows transport of electrical signals through tissues
61
Q

Describe tight junctions.

A
  • impermeable seal around a group of cells
  • lipid portion of plasma membranes bound by interlocking membrane proteins.
62
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

A non-cellular structure produced by the basal surface of the epithelium and underlying connective tissue.

63
Q

What does the clear layer of the basement membrane contain?

A

Glycoproteins, network of fine protein filaments. Produced by the adjacent layer of epithelial cells.

64
Q

Describe the dense layer of the basement membrane.

A

Bundles of coarse protein fibres. Gives the membrane its strength and acts as a filter.

65
Q

Basic unit of composition of carbohydrates

A

Sugars

66
Q

Basic unit of composition of proteins

A

Amino acids

67
Q

Basic unit of composition of lipids

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

68
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Nitrogenous bases

69
Q

What is glycogen?

A

An energy storage molecule, a large branched polymer of glucose

70
Q

What do enzymes do in the body?

A
  • Speed up and slow down reactions
  • Require energy from substrate or ATP
71
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Storing energy

72
Q

Describe lipids

A
  • Store 2x more enrgy than carbohydrates
  • mainly water insoluble
73
Q

What do phospholipids do?

A

Form a bilayer which is the major component of biological membranes

74
Q

What do steroids do?

A

Act as structural components or hormones, differentiated by the side chain on the steroid nucleus

75
Q

What identifies an unsaturated fat?

A

c=c double bond

76
Q

What identifies a saturated fat?

A

c-c single bonds only, no c=c double bonds

77
Q

What is formed in the endosymbiont theory?

A

large, complex organisms

78
Q

What is the most chemically economical shape?

A

Helix

102 (19 decks)

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