Cells Flashcards
What do osteoblasts do?
Build bone
What do osteoclasts do?
Crumble bone
What do fibroblasts do?
form connective tissue, ie periodontal ligament and pulp.
What do ameloblasts do?
Form enamel
What do odontoblasts do?
Form dentine
What does HIV do to transcription?
Causes reverse transcription
What are nucleic acids made out of?
Polymerised nucleotides
What are the five nitrogenous bases?
Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine (Uracil in RNA), Guanine
What does nucleic acid make up?
chromosomes or the genome
What does interplay between genes and the environment affect?
Gene expression
How do stem cells work?
Differentiate when a gene is switched on by a highly coordinated pattern of expression regulated by proteins and nucleic acids
What are some common features of a cell?
- Cell membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Ribosomes
- Golgi apparatus
- Mitochondria
- Lysosomes
- Centrosomes
- Proteasomes
- Peroxisomes
- Nucleus
- Nucleolus
- Cytoskeleton
What are some types of cell appendages?
- Microvilli
- Cilia
- Flagella
What is the function of microvilli?
Increase absorptive area
What is the function of cilia?
Generate fluid movement (ie gut)
What is the function of flagella?
Aid motility
Describe the cell membrane.
A phospholipid bilayer with interspaced proteins.
What is the function of the cell membrane (proteins)?
Maintaining cellular integrity, controlling entry and exit, interacting with extracellular molecules such as hormones, forming connections with other cells and structures
Explain the cytoplasm.
A water based gel-like structure which supports organelles
What does ‘membraneous’ mean?
The organelle cannot exist in the same environment as the cell.
Explain the endoplasmic reticulum.
Membraneous canals/sacs which are invlolved in cellular transport (export).
What are the two types of ER?
-Smooth: Involved in lipid synthesis
-Rough: Involved in protein synthesis
Explain ribosomes
Non membraneous organelles made up of RNA and proteins which synthesise proteins.