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anatomy terms + materials > tissues > Flashcards

tissues Flashcards

1
Q

histology

A

the study of tissues

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2
Q

the four types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues

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3
Q

lining of blood vessels

A

endothelium

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4
Q

epithelium main functions

A

protection, secretion, absorption, sensation, and selective permeability

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5
Q

epithelium characteristics

A
  1. very dense
  2. a lot of cells packed together
  3. little to no extracellular matrix
  4. lines any hollow structure (artery)
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6
Q

in what tissue is microvilli exclusively found?

A

epithelial tissue

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7
Q

what tissue houses blood vessels?

A

connective tissue

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8
Q

what tissue sits on the basal membrane?

A

all epithelial tissue

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9
Q

what is the function of collagen fiber within cell?

A

it helps the cell bind to the basement membrane

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10
Q

what is located on the apical part of the cell

A

microvilli or cilia or nothing- it depends on the cell

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11
Q

what is the basement membrane attached to?

A

connective tissue

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12
Q

which tissue is avascular?

A

epithelial tissue

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13
Q

mitosis in epithelial cells…?

A

occurs 24/7

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14
Q

characteristics of simple squamous cell

A

aka “fried eggs”, extremely thin and allows for easy exchange of gases and materials, nucleus centered (found within the lung and used for respiratory processes) AND found in serous membranes of body cavities, lumen of blood vessels, and lymph vessels

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15
Q

characteristics of stratified squamous cells

A

thin cells that are stacked together to create a protective barrier, the top layer of these cells come off easily, nucleus centered (think of esophagus when eating a chip) AND there is keratinized and non keratinized

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16
Q

characteristics of pseudostratified cells

A

these appear to be layered but they are all attached to the basement membrane! nucleus centered

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17
Q

characteristics of simple cuboidal cells

A

they are shaped like a cube, nucleus centered, they line ducts and glands, these rarely go past two layers

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18
Q

characteristics of columnar cells

A

nucleus is toward the base, cells are taller than they are wide, there are TWO TYPES : nonciliated and ciliated (non ciliated has microvilli and ciliated has cilia)

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19
Q

characteristics of transitional cells

A

these cells are able to expand and contract depending on the location (mainly found in the bladder)

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20
Q

nonciliated cells

A

microvilli help with absorption and surface area, goblet cells secrete mucin (found in digestive tract)

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21
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucin against friction

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22
Q

ciliated cells

A

cilia is found on the apical surface and helps to sweep away debris and food, goblet cells are present

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23
Q

keratinized stratified squamous

A

these cells are full of kertain which kills the nucleus resulting in no feeling/nerve –> hair and nails

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24
Q

nonkeratinized squamous cell

A

these cells are LIVING and kept moist with secretions, they completely lack keratin, have protective proteins, and are found in the buccal/oral cavity

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25
Q

transitional cells when RELAXED

A

basal cells cuboidal and apical cells large and stretched

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26
Q

transitional cells when STRETCHED

A

apical cells are flattened

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27
Q

common in EVERY connective tissue

A

all have cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

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28
Q

are connective tissue cells touching?

A

most of the time they are separate

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29
Q

resident connective tissue cells

A

they are stationary to one place, has fibroblasts/adipocytes/fixed macrophages/mesenchymal

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30
Q

resident connective tissue cells functions

A

to support and maintain/repair extracellular matrix

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31
Q

fibroblasts

A

flat cells with tapered ends that make fiber and ground substance of ECM - leave scar tissue

32
Q

adipocytes

A

fat cells that appear in small clusters, NUCLEUS IS PUSHED TO THE SIDE

33
Q

mesenchymal

A

embryo stem cells that divide to replace damaged cells (one replaces and the other becomes a committed cell)

34
Q

fixed macrophages

A

WBCs that are stationary, large and irregular shaped, all throughout the matrix, phagocytes eat up trash, these release chemicals to alert the immune system and also have lysosomes

35
Q

wandering cells in CT

A

they move around but have the same functions as resident cells, mainly part of the immune system

36
Q

mast cells

A

small, close to blood vessels, secrete heparin for blood clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessels

37
Q

plasma cells

A

form when b-lymphocytes are activated due to the exposure of foreign material and produces antibodies

38
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytes that eat bacteria

39
Q

t-lymphocytes

A

attacks foreign materials

40
Q

protein fibers include

A

collagen, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

41
Q

most diverse tissue?

A

connective tissue

42
Q

collagen characteristics

A

found in tendons and ligaments, 3 strands that are braided so it is super strong

43
Q
A
44
Q

reticular fibers characterstics

A

thinner than collagen but has LOTS of stroma

45
Q

elastic fibers

A

have the protein elastin, like a rubber band, found in skin, walls of arteries, and aorta

46
Q

what is the ground substance?

A

it is the noncellular material from connective tissue, CT cells and protein fibers are found here

47
Q

what is the consistency of ground substance?

A

viscous (blood), semisolid (cartilage), and solid (bone)

47
Q

ground substance + protein fibers =

A

extracellular matrix

47
Q

glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

A

large molecules in ground substance, its charge attracts cations and water follows

48
Q

proteoglycans

A

formed with GAG and linked to protein, 90% carb in GAG form –> proteins attach to carbs, bond to CT cells and fiber to ground substance

48
Q

function of connective tissue

A

physical protection, support and structure of all framework, binding of structures, transport, and immune protection

49
Q

loose connective tissue

A
  1. less cells than dense ct
  2. protein fibers are sparse and irregularly arranged
  3. there is a lot of ground substance
  4. body’s “packing material” that also supports structure
  5. THERE are THREE types- areolar, adipose, and reticular
50
Q

areolar ct

A
  1. found all around the body
  2. highly vascularized
  3. the ground substance is viscous (blood)
  4. it is found in the dermis, surrounding organs, in nerve and muscle cells, and in blood vessels
51
Q

adipose ct

A
  1. fat cells but TWO types- brown and white
52
Q

white adipose tissue

A

stores energy, acts as an insulator, and provides cushioining

53
Q

brown adipose tissue

A

found in babies, helps to increase body heat, we lose this as we get older

54
Q

reticular ct

A
  1. meshwork of reticular FIBERS but thinner
  2. they provide structural support to many lymphatic organs
  3. they are found in the liver, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus
55
Q

what do reticulocytes make?

A

reticular fibers

56
Q

dense ct

A
  1. makes tendons and ligaments
  2. less ground substance than loose ct
  3. collagen fibers predominate
  4. THERE are THREE types- dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic ct
57
Q

dense regular ct

A
  1. tightly packed with PARALLEL collagen fibers
  2. they are found in tendons and ligaments and direct stress in ONE direction
  3. they have very few blood vessels so it takes a long time to heal
58
Q

dense irregular ct

A
  1. clumps of collagen in DIFFERENT directions
  2. they support and resist stress by being in multiple directions
  3. found in the dermis, penosteum of bone, capsules around internal organs and in the perichondrium of cartilage
59
Q

elastic ct

A
  1. densely packed elastic fibers
  2. able to stretch and recoil
  3. found in the walls of arteries, trachea, and the vocal cords
    NOTE- can look like reticular ct
60
Q

cartilage

A
  1. firm, semisolid extracellular matrix (collagen and elastic fibers)
  2. stronger and more resilient than other ct
  3. more flexible than bone
  4. avascular when mature
  5. in body parts that need to withstand deformation (nose)
  6. THREE types- hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage
61
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  1. most common cartilage in body
  2. has a clear and glossy look under the microscope
  3. surrounded by perichondrium
  4. found in nose, trachea, costal cartilage, articular end of long bones, and fetal cartilage (not skull)
62
Q

fibrocartilage

A
  1. weight bearing cartilage that resists compression
  2. protein fibers in irregular bundles between chondrocytes
  3. thick and lots of H2O content
  4. no pericardium and sparse ground substance
  5. found in interverbal discs and menisci of knee
63
Q

elastic cartilage

A
  1. flexible, springy
  2. densely packed elastic fibers so the tissue is resilient and flexible
  3. surrounded by a perichondrium
  4. not a lot of blood flow
  5. found in the external ear and the epiglottis
64
Q

bone

A
  1. type of ct
  2. more solid than cartilage
  3. organic components= collagen and glycoproteins
  4. not organic components= Ca salts
  5. TWO types- spongey and compact
65
Q

compact bone

A
  1. very vascular
  2. makes up the shaft of the bone
  3. concentric rings of bone
66
Q

spongey bone

A
  1. located in interior bone on the ends
  2. latticework structure, strong and lightweight
67
Q

fluid ct

A

blood and lymph

68
Q

blood

A
  1. fluid ct w formed components
  2. erythrocytes= transport resp gases
  3. leukocytes= immune protects against foreign agents
  4. platelets= blood clotting
  5. has PLASMA= dissolves protein, transports nutrients, wastes, and hormones
69
Q

lymph

A
  1. derived from blood plasma
  2. no cellular components/fragments
  3. ultimately returned to the bloodstream
70
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  1. has striations
  2. voluntary
  3. long cylindrical cells that are arranged in parallel bundles
  4. multinucleated
71
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  1. striations
  2. involuntary
  3. one/two nuclei
  4. connected by intercalated discs that increase connection of cells and promotes higher conduction of electrical activity and synchroneity
72
Q

smooth muscle

A
  1. no striations
  2. involuntary
  3. cells spindled shaped, short, and one nucleus
  4. found in the walls of intestines, stomach, airways, bladder, uterus, and blood vessels
  5. helps movement in organs
73
Q

nervous tissue

A
  1. located in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
  2. neuron= receives, transmits, and processes nerve impulses
  3. has glial cells (like glue)
  4. no transmission of nerve impulses
  5. function= protect, nourish, and support neurons

anatomy terms + materials (8 decks)

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