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anatomy terms + materials > slideshows 1 + 2 > Flashcards

slideshows 1 + 2 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

the study of form and structure within the body (things that can be felt/seen such as bones)

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2
Q

physiology

A

the study of how the forms and structures within the body work together (explained by the anatomy of an organism)

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3
Q

gross anatomy

A

the study of large body structures VISIBLE to the naked eye (radiologists have to study this because they look at individual organs/bones)

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4
Q

structure…

A

dictates function

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5
Q

form…

A

follows function

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6
Q

why are anatomy and physiology studied together?

A

they are inseparable BECAUSE function always reflects structure

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7
Q

what is an example of function reflecting structure?

A

blood flows in one direction throughout the heart because there are valves preventing backflow! OR food is compressed throughout the large intestine and colon because the large intestine and colon both have enzymes that break down the food while also compressing food into a lump.. etc.

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8
Q

regional gross anatomy

A

all structures of a particular region of the body that are studied at the same time (bones/nerves)

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9
Q

systemic gross anatomy

A

body structure is studied “system by system” (gastrointestinal system)

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10
Q

surface gross anatomy

A

the study of internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (radial pulse at wrist, carotid pulse at neck)

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11
Q

developmental anatomy

A

traces structural changes that occur throughout the body with time

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12
Q

embryology

A

a sub division under developmental anatomy that concerns changes before birth

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13
Q

pathologic anatomy

A

studies structural changes caused by disease

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14
Q

radiographic anatomy

A

studies internal structures as visualized by x-ray images or other scanning procedures

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15
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

delas with structures too small to be seem by the eye alone

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16
Q

cytology

A

the study of cells within the body

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17
Q

histology

A

the study of tissues

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18
Q

properties common to all organisms

A

organizations, metabolism, growth and development, responsiveness, regulation, and reproduction (3 R’s, OMGD)

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19
Q

organization

A

all organisms exhibit a complex structure and order

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20
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body

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21
Q

ANABOLISM

A

SMALL molecules joined to form LARGER ones (muscle mass build up)

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22
Q

CATABOLISM

A

LARGE molecules broken down into SMALLER ones (digestion)

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23
Q

growth and development

A

organisms assimilate materials from environment to gain nutrients and grow and develop

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24
Q

responsiveness

A

ability to sense and react to stimuli

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25
Q

regulation

A

ability to adjust internal bodily function to accommodate environment changes

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26
Q

homeostasis

A

ability to maintain body structure and function (body temp)

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27
Q

reproduction

A

ability to produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair (GMR) and gametes can develop into new organisms

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28
Q

respiration

A

obtaining O2, removing CO2, releasing energy from food

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29
Q

absorption

A

passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

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30
Q

circulation

A

movement of substances in body fluids

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31
Q

assimilation

A

changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

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32
Q

excretion

A

removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

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33
Q

order of SIMPLE to most COMPLEX

A

atoms/molecules –> organelles –> cells (smallest living units of structure and function within the body) –> tissue (made up of multiple cells) –> organ (made up of multiple tissues 3+) –> organ system level (made up of multiple organs) –> organismal level (made up of all organ systems working together)

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34
Q

tissues

A

groups of similar cells with a common function or functions

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35
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surface and cavities (think of egg shell protecting yolk)

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36
Q

muscle tissue

A

provides movement (muscle=movement)

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37
Q

connective tisssue

A

supports and protects body (CSP)

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38
Q

nervous tissue

A

found within the brain and provides communication

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39
Q

11 organ systems in body…

A

cardiovascular, lymphatic, endocrine, skeletal, muscular, integumentary, nervous, digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive

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40
Q

anatomic position

A

standing upright, palms out, thumbs lateral (away), pinkies medial (toward midline

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41
Q

sections

A

actual cut or slice that exposes internal anatomy

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42
Q

plane

A

imaginary flat surface passing through the body

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43
Q

coronal (frontal) plane

A

slices body into a front and back

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44
Q

transverse (cross-sectional) plane

A

slices the body into a superior and inferior parts

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45
Q

midsagittal plane

A

goes equally down the middle of the body and separates it into a left and right half

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46
Q

parasagittal plane

A

divides into left and right sections but are not equal

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47
Q

oblique plane

A

passes through a structure at an angle

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48
Q

anterior/ventral

A

front

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49
Q

posterior/dorsal

A

back

50
Q

axial region

A

head, neck and trunk –> forms the main vertical axis of the body (axis-axial)

51
Q

appendicular region

A

upper and lower limbs (arms and legs)

52
Q

proximal

A

body parts close to the point of reference (elbow proximal to wrist)

53
Q

distal (wrist is distal to elbow)

A

body parts further away from the point of reference

54
Q

medial

A

closer to the midline or center of body

55
Q

lateral

A

further away from midline or center of body

56
Q

caudal

A

toward the rear or tail end (the glutes are caudal to the head)

57
Q

rostral

A

toward the mouth or nose (frontal lobe of brain is rostral to the back of the head)

58
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side (right arm to right leg)

59
Q

contralateral

A

on opposite side (right arm to left leg)

60
Q

deep

A

closer to the inside internally (heart is deep to rib cage)

61
Q

superficial

A

closer to the outside (skin is superficial to biceps)

62
Q

proximal

A

closer point of attachment to the trunk (elbow is proximal to hand)

63
Q

ventral cavity

A

made up of thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity and is separated by the DIAPRAGM

64
Q

cavities

A

enclose internal organs

65
Q

posterior aspect

A

completely encased in bone, very distinct from ventral cavities, subdivided into cranial and vertebral canal

66
Q

cranial cavity (pa)

A

formed by bones of cranium and houses the brain

67
Q

vertebral canal

A

formed by the bones of the vertebral column and houses the spinal cord

68
Q

ventral cavity

A

LARGER than posterior cavity, does not completely encase organs in bone (has diaphragm, etc.) AND LINED WITH SEROUS MEMBRANES

69
Q

layers of serous membranes

A

parietal and visceral

70
Q

parietal layer

A

lines internal surface of body wall (parents outside in college)

71
Q

visceral layer

A

covers external surface of organs (viscera) vampire would love to be close to organs

72
Q

serous cavity

A

space BETWEEN membranes

73
Q

serous FLUID

A

acts as lubricant to reduce friction and stickiness

74
Q

mediastinum

A

median space in thoracic cavity= contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart

75
Q

pericardium

A

two layered serous membrane= parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium

76
Q

parietal pericardium

A

outer layer that forms a sac around heart (parents outside in college)

77
Q

visceral pericardium

A

forms the heart’s external surface (where a vampire would love to be)p

78
Q

pericardial cavity

A

space BETWEEN parietal and visceral layers with serous fluid

79
Q

pleura

A

tow layered serous membrane associated with LUNGS (phlegm)

80
Q

abdominal cavity

A

superior area with most of the digestive system organs, kidneys, and most of the ureters

81
Q

pelvic cavity

A

inferior area between hip bones with distal part of large intestine, remainder of ureters and urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs

82
Q

peritoneum

A

two layered serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity

83
Q

8/23/23 differentiation

A

where cells specialize, which makes them all different shapes with different functions

84
Q

what do all cells have in common?

A

cytoplasm, nucleus, and plasma membrand

85
Q

ex of irregular shaped cell

A

neuron

86
Q

ex of cube shaped cell

A

kidney

87
Q

ex of biconcave disk

A

red blood cells

88
Q

ex of column cell

A

intestinal lining

89
Q

ex of spherical cell

A

cartilage

90
Q

ex of cylindrical cells

A

skeletal muscle cells

91
Q

cilia

A

stationed at the base of a cell but its function is to sweep things away like pollen and dust

92
Q

microvilli

A

is function is to absorb and increase surface area –> found in the stomach and digestive tracts

93
Q

what cell has all the organelles?

A

there is no cell like that

94
Q

cytosol

A

cytoplasm (watery gel that keeps organelles in place)

95
Q

phospholipid

A

loves water, found on the outside of a cell with extracellular fluid around it

96
Q

fibers…

A

help a cell keep its shape

97
Q

proteins…

A

acts as a receptor to chemicals trying to enter the cell

98
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

acts as a highway and connects to the plasmic and nuclear membrane (smooth and rough)

99
Q

rough er

A

lined with ribosomes that make and transport proteins

100
Q

smooth er

A

without ribosomes and creates lipids

101
Q

golgi apparatus

A

membranous structure that stacks –>transports vesicles that leave the cell and has digestive enzymes within it, also has a phospholipid bilayer

102
Q

lysosome

A

made in the GA and breaks down anything that enters the cell, and gets rid of old organelles

103
Q

peroxisomes

A

there are less of these than lysosomes but they are found in the membrane and are pinched off of the rough er

104
Q

endomembrane

A

includes the er, ga, vesicles, lysosomes, and perozisomes

105
Q

mitochondria

A

double membrane, creates ATP from glucose

106
Q

cristae

A

inward folds of the mitochondria

107
Q

ribosomes

A

make protein and rna

108
Q

centrosome

A

2 centrioles

109
Q

centrioles

A

separate to two poles for mitosis and create tubulin

110
Q

what is the order of mitosis

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

111
Q

tight junction

A

made of protein that prevents external substances to come inside of the cell

112
Q

gap junction

A

forms tiny passageways between the cells to allow substances to pass through

113
Q

desmosomes

A

proteins that create a tight junction

114
Q

microfliaments

A

smallest part of cytoskeleton, actin protein monomers in twisted filaments, maintains cell shape, supports internal support, and helps w cell division

115
Q

microtubules

A

largest part of the cytoskeleton, made of TUBLIN

116
Q

nucleotides are linked by

A

PHOSPHOLIPID bonds

117
Q

nuclear protein that makes double helix

A

histones

118
Q

the functions of membrane proteins

A

CIESTA- cell to cell recognition, intercellular joining, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, transport, and attachment

119
Q

cisternae

A

elongated saclike membranous structure in the golgi apparatus

120
Q

stem cell

A

self renews into any type of cell needed in the body

121
Q

progenitor

A

a type of stem cell that is committed to one type of cell

122
Q
A

anatomy terms + materials (8 decks)

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