general review of respiratory, renal, and GI systems

Question 1

pharynx in order

Answer 1

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 2

what is in the respiratory zone?

Answer 2

• alveolar sacs (simple squam)
• alveolar ducts
• respiratory bronchioles

Question 3

what does the epiglottis cover?

Answer 3

the larynx

Question 4

trachea is made of?

Answer 4

hyaline cartilage in C shaped rings

Question 5

the left lung has how many lobes?

Answer 5

2 lobes

Question 6

the right lung has how many lobes?

Answer 6

3 lobes

Question 7

characteristics of alveolar type II cell?

Answer 7

-secretes oily pulmonary surfactant

Question 8

does the lung have a hilum?

Answer 8

yes!

Question 9

what does the urinary system get rid of?

Answer 9

• CO2
• Nitrogen

Question 10

what % of blood goes straight to kidneys?

Answer 10

20%

Question 11

what hormone is expelled from the kidney?

Answer 11

erythropoietin! it is excreted in response to low O2

Question 12

what nervous system is related to the urinary system?

Answer 12

the SYMPATHETIC only!!! there is no PNS here!!!

Question 13

how many nephrons per kidney?

Answer 13

1 million

Question 14

what does a nephron do?

Answer 14

it filters the fluid part of the blood to extract Nitrogen

Question 15

what is the renal corpuscle?

Answer 15

• an enlarged bulbous region of nephron
• glomerulus: where the capillary beds are! NOTE: THIS COMES FROM THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLE and blood EXITS from the EFFERENT ARTERIOLE

Question 16

blood flow through renal capillary bed?

Answer 16

afferent arteriole —> glomerular capillary bed —-> efferent arteriole —> peritubular capillary bed

Question 17

structural order of a nephron?

Answer 17

proximal convoluted tubule —-> loop of Henley —> distal convoluted tubule —> collecting duct

Question 18

juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 18

special nephrons in the renal medulla!

Question 19

where is reabsorption in the kidney?

Answer 19

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 20

how much blood is filtered a day?
how much becomes urine?

Answer 20

180-200L of blood are filtered a day, but only 1.8-2L becomes urine

Question 21

what is a poddocyte?

Answer 21

a special cell only in the glomerular capsule :)
- has feet like extensions that cover capillaries
- prevents nutrients/important cells from being filtered into urine! no waste here!

Question 22

what is the vasa recta?

Answer 22

this is the capillary bed that surrounds the loop of henley

Question 23

what part of the urinary system has peristalsis?

Answer 23

that would be the ureters!

Question 24

the _______ and the _________ are controlled by both SNS and PSNS

Answer 24

• ureters
  -urinary bladder

Question 25

where is the detrusor muscle found?

Answer 25

in the bladder!

Question 26

the internal sphincter is.....

Answer 26

involuntary ---> controlled by the autonomic nervous system

Question 27

the external sphincter is.....

Answer 27

voluntary ---> the detrusor muscle is trained to open and excrete urine

Question 28

how long is the female urethra vs male urethra?

Answer 28

female: 3-4cm long male: 20cm

Question 29

what is the enzyme from salivary glands?

Answer 29

amylase!

Question 30

mouth's function in digestion?

Answer 30

chemical and mechanical things - mastication - enzymes

Question 31

mucosa is made of two parts:

Answer 31

epithelium + underlying lamina propria

Question 32

mucosa epithelium is made of:

Answer 32

simple columnar + nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Question 33

mucosa underlying lamina propria is made of:

Answer 33

areolar tissue + small bvs + nerves

Question 34

submucosa has:

Answer 34

- areolar + dense CT - LOTS of bvs

Question 35

what nervous system allows for digestion?

Answer 35

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 36

how often are cells here regenerated?

Answer 36

every 3-5 days - this is because it is a very harsh environment :/

Question 37

satiety center

Answer 37

tells you when you're full!

Question 38

what are the salivary glands?

Answer 38

- parotid (largest) - submandibular - sublinguinal

Question 39

what is the mastication center?

Answer 39

medulla + pons !!!

Question 40

what is the esophagus made out of?

Answer 40

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Question 41

surface mucosa

Answer 41

secretes alkaline fluid w mucin

Question 42

mucous neck

Answer 42

secretes acidic fluid w mucin

Question 43

parietal cell

Answer 43

secretes intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid

Question 44

chief cell

Answer 44

secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Question 45

G-cell

Answer 45

secretes gastrin !