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anatomy final exam prep > tissues > Flashcards

tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what is tissue

A

group of similar cells that perform the same function:
- act as coverings,
- shorten or lengthen to create movement
- act as building material
- coordinate with other cells

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2
Q

specify how tissues act as coverings

A
  • can create boundaries between environments tgat prevent dessication
  • can interat with the outside environment
  • have many layers for wear and tear
  • smooth surfaces to reduce friction
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3
Q

what is the function of epithelial tissues

A
  • to cover
  • protect, absorb, secret, filtrate, excrete or sense
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4
Q

epithelial tissue protect from:

A
  • dehydration
  • mechanical irritation
  • toxic substances
  • trauma
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5
Q

epithelial tissues absorb:

A
  • substances that are transported into cells
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6
Q

epithelial tissues secret:

A
  • cell products that are transported out of the cell or body
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7
Q

epithelial tissues transport:

A
  • substances across the cell membrane into or out of the cells
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8
Q

epithelial tissues excrete by:

A
  • removing waste like urine
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9
Q

epithelial tissues sense:

A
  • with receptors in skin, ear, nose, or mouth
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10
Q

what are common characteristics of epithelial tissues?

A
  • tightly packed cells with no spaces
  • polarity in structures
  • avascular (no blood vessels)
  • regenerates (active cell devision)
  • can be organized into glands
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11
Q

how is epithelial tissues polar?

A
  • different polarities at difference poles/end of cells
  • apical and base are the top and bottom
  • polar end is facing outwards
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12
Q

how are epithelial tissues classified

A

by cell shape and number of layers

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13
Q

what’s the difference between simple and stratified

A
  • simple: one layer
  • stratified: multiple layers
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14
Q

where is simple squamous found

A

lungs and blood capillaries for diffusion

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15
Q

whats the function of simple squamous epithelial

A
  • diffusion
  • provides slick and friction reduced surface
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16
Q

where is stratified squamous found

A
  • found where protection from where and tear is required
  • mouth, esophagus, skin
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17
Q

what is the function of stratified squamous

A

protects from wear and tear

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18
Q

where is pseudostratified found

A

trachea

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19
Q

what is the function for pseudostratied squamous

A

absorption and secretion

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20
Q

what is the function of simple columnar

A

absorption and secretion

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21
Q

where is simple columnar found

A

digestive and respiratory tracts

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22
Q

what is the function of simple cuboidal

A

absorption and secretion

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23
Q

where is simple cuboidal found

A

kidney tubules and glands

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24
Q

what are transitional cells and where are they found

A
  • cells that vary in shape and that can stretch
  • urinary bladder
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25
Q

what is the function of a gland

A

secrete cells products

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26
Q

what’s the difference between and endocrine and exocrine gland

A

endo:
- cells products are secreted into IF and distrubuted by blood
- lack ducts
- secrets into body
exo:
- cell products are secreted onto a cell surface
- uses ducts

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27
Q

what do tight junctions and desmosomes do?

A

form connection between cells

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28
Q

what are micovili? what’s their function? where are they found?

A
  • projections of the cell membranes
  • inc surface area for absorption
  • digestive tract
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29
Q

what are cilia? what’s their function? where are they found?

A
  • short skeletal appendages that beat in unison
  • move fluids across cell surfaces
  • respiratory tract
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30
Q

what’s a basement membrane? what’s the function?

A
  • layer formed from glycoproteins
  • glues epithelial to connective
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31
Q

what’s the difference between avascular and vascular

A

avascular: no blood vessels
vascular: contains blood vessels

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32
Q

what does innvervated mean

A

supplied by nerves

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33
Q

what is the general function of connective tissue

A

connect, support, protect body parts, transports, insulates

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34
Q

what are the common characteristics of connective tissues

A
  • origin in the embryo
  • extracellular matrix (matrix dominates)
  • properties of tissue is determined by the nature of the matrix
  • vascularization varies
35
Q

what are the structural elements that are common to connective tissue

A
  1. few cells
  2. ground substance
  3. extracellular fibers
36
Q

what is ground substance

A
  • material between cells
  • composed of IF and secreted cell products (determines that the ECF us fluid, gel or solid)
37
Q

what are extracellular fibers

A
  • fibers that provide support and make matrix less pliable
38
Q

what are the 3 types of extracellular fibers

A
  1. collagen: provides strength
  2. elastic: allows for stretch and recoil
  3. reticular: form a net
39
Q

how are CT classified

A
  • based on nature of the ground substance (liquid, gel, solid)
  • proper, fluid, support
40
Q

what is a matrix

A

ground substance and extracellular fibers secreted by cells

41
Q

what is the function of loose/areolar CT

A
  • soft wrapping for organs
  • fluid media for cells
  • reservoir for water and fat
42
Q

where is areolar/loose CT found

A

around organs and under skin

43
Q

what is the function of adipose CT

A
  • reservoir for energy supply
  • insulates
  • cushions organs
44
Q

where is adipose found

A

surrounding organs and under skin

45
Q

what is the function of dense regular CT

A

used to handle tensions in one direction

46
Q

where is dense regular CT found

A

tendons and ligaments

47
Q

what is the function of dense irregular (fibrous connective)

A

handle stresses in many directions

48
Q

where is dense irregular found

A

under skin and in membranes

49
Q

what is the function of cartilage

A

shock absorption

50
Q

where is cartilage found

A

ends of bone, ear, nose

51
Q

what is the function of bone

A

support

52
Q

where is bone located

A

osteocytes in lacunae and connected to blood vessels

53
Q

how is blood a connective tissue?

A

it’s a fluid that acts as a transport medium

54
Q

what does -blast mean

A

young cells that are actively synthesizing and secreting matrix

55
Q

what does -cyte mean

A

mature cells involved in maintenance and repair of matrix

56
Q

what does fibro- mean

A

refers to cells of CT

57
Q

what does chondro- meant

A

cartilage

58
Q

what does osteo- mean

A

bone

59
Q

what does adip- mean

A

fat

60
Q

what does proper mean in term of CT

A

lumpy fluid matrix

61
Q

what are the cells of the areolar CT

A
  • fibroblasts
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
  • lymphocytes
  • adipocytes
62
Q

what are fibroblasts

A

cells that synthesize matrix of areolar CT

63
Q

what are macrophages

A

phagocytic cells of the immune system

64
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

cells of the immune system

65
Q

what are mast cells

A
  • cells that release histamine and heparin
  • part of the inflammation reaction
66
Q

whats histamine and heparin

A

hista: increases permeability of blood vessels
hep: anticoagulant

67
Q

what are adipocytes

A

cells that store fat

68
Q

what chondroblasts/chondrocytes

A

cartilage cells
they dont divide

69
Q

what is lacunae

A

pools or spaces in matrix that house cells of cartilage and bone

70
Q

what are osteoblast/osteocytes

A

bone cells

71
Q

what is the function of muscle tissue

A

to contract

72
Q

what is the function of skeletal muscle

A

attaches and moves bones

73
Q

what are some characteristics of skeletal muscles

A
  • not a true cell but is a megacell (many fused cells)
  • multinucleated
  • striated
  • innervated
74
Q

what is the function of cardiac muscle

A

pumps blood

75
Q

what are some characteristics of cardiac muscles

A
  • mononucleate cells with some branching
  • striated
  • involuntary control
  • contains intercalated discs and gap junctions between cells
76
Q

what is the function of smooth muscles

A

squeezes fluid through tubes

77
Q

what are some characteristics of smooth muscle

A
  • not striated
  • mononucleate
  • involuntary control
78
Q

what is the basic role of neural tissue

A

communicated and regulates

79
Q

what are structural features of Nervous tissue

A
  • cell body
  • processes (axons and dendrites)
80
Q

what are the 2 types of nervoud tissue cells and what are their functions

A
  1. neuron: conduct electrical signals
  2. neuroglia: helps and supports neuron
81
Q

what is a membrane

A
  • coverings made up of epithelial and connective tissue
82
Q

what is cancer

A

loss of a cell’s ability to be a tissue

83
Q

name some characteristics between normal tissue and cancerous tissue

A
  • uncontrolled division
  • loss of specialization
  • loss of attachment
  • loss of growth and regulatory factors

anatomy final exam prep (8 decks)

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