Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy final exam prep > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 functions of the NS

A
  1. senses: detects a change
  2. integrates: input received, decision is made, command is sent
  3. responds: effector organs respond
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how is the nervous system divided

A

into the central and peripheral NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the central nervous system functions as?

A

a control center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the peripheral NS consists of what

A

neural tissue outside of CNS:
- receptors
- ganglia
- nerves
- motor nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the PNS functions as?

A

the link to and from the outside (efferent and afferent path)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the PNS is subdivided into what?

A

somatic and autonomic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is grey matter?

A

group of cell bodies of neurons, neuroglia and unmyelinated processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is white matter?

A

myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are other words used to describe white matter

A
  • nerves
  • tracts
  • columns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are nerves

A

bundles of axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are tracts

A

bundles of axons that share a common origin, destination or function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are columns

A

groups of tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are other words used to describe gray matter

A
  • center/nucleus
  • cortex
  • ganglion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a center/nucleus

A
  • group of cell bodies with a common function
  • found in the CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a cortex

A
  • outer layer of gray matter
  • in CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a ganglion

A
  • clusters of cell bodies
  • outside the CNS but inside the PNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the organs of the NS

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
  • sensory receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is an ascending tract/path

A
  • sensory path
  • going from PNS to CNS (UP towards brain)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is a descending tract/path

A
  • motor path
  • going from CNS to PNS (DOWn towards body)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what structures protect the CNS (in order)

A
  1. bones
  2. meninges
  3. cerebrospinal fluid
    - glial cells
    - cellular barriers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does bone protect the CNS

A
  • makes up the vertebral column and skull
  • protects from blows or bumps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are meninges and how many are there?

A
  • 3
  • membrane wrappings between bone and nervous tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the outer layer of the meninge

A
  • dura mater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

describe the dura mater

A
  • thick and tough
  • made of dense irregular tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the second meninge called

A

arachnoid mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

describe the arachnoid mater

A
  • thin covering made of cells, collagen and elastic fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the innermost layer of the meninge

A

pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

describe the pia mater

A
  • made of squamous and cuboidal cells
  • adhered to the surface of the spinal cord and brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the spaced formed by the meninges

A
  • epidural space
  • subdural space
  • subarachnoid space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the functions of the meningeal layers

A
  • form protective wrappings
  • carry nerves and blood vessels
  • form attachment sites
  • form spaces that holds fluid or fat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where is the epidural space located

A
  • between the vertebra and the dura mater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is found in the epidural space

A

fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

where is the subdural space found

A

between dura and arachnoid layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is held in the subdural space

A
  • fluid that adheres the dura to the arachnoid (creates double membrane)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

where is the subarachnoid space found

A

between the arachnoid and pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what does the subarachnoid hold

A

the cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what layers differ between the spinal cord and brain

A

brain contains the dura sinuses, which hold veins
spinal cord contains the epidural space, which holds fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the function of the blood brain barrier

A
  • filters and adjusts the nutrients and ions that pass through towards the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what makes up the structure of the blood brain barrier

A
  • foot processes of astrocytes
  • blood vessel wall made of simple squamous epithelial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

clear, colorless liquid made of of water and chemicals from blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is the function of CSF

A
  • aids in maintaining environment around neurons
  • cushions –> subarachnoid space
  • reduces the weight of brain by letting the brain float in it
  • provides nutrients to cells lining the path of circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

describe the circulation of csf

A
  • choroid plexus
  • lateral interventricular ventricle
  • third ventricle aqueduct
  • 4th ventricle
  • central canal
  • medial and lateral apertures
  • SAS
  • arachnoid vili
  • dural sinuses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is an arachnoid vili

A

one way valves in SAS that return CSF to blood by using the dural sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

how is csf produced

A
  • formed from blood by choroid plexus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what are choroid plexus

A
  • 2 layer cell wall consisting of blood capillaries and ependymal cells
  • found in ventricle walls
  • filters and adjusts blood plasma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

how is csf removed

A
  • absorbed into blood by the arachnoid vili via the dural sinuses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what’s the difference between blood, CSF and IF

A

blood
- contains higher protein and glucose levels than CSF
- contains rbc, wbc, etc
IF
- contains immune cells

49
Q

what are the regions of the spinal cord from top to bottom

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

50
Q

what is a plexus

A

branching and merging of PNS nerves that form a network of axons from the spinal cord

51
Q

what is the function of a plexus

A
  • ensure info to and from limbs is carried by multiple paths
  • ensures that if a plexus is injured, the function to that area isn’t lost
52
Q

what are the type of plexuses

A

cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral

53
Q

what is the conus medullaris

A

the tapering region of the spinal cord

54
Q

what is the terminal filum

A

end point of the spinal cord

55
Q

what are cauda equina

A

group of nerves that travel down the spinal cord before exiting

56
Q

what are dermatomes

A

specific segment or area of skin that is supplied by a single nerve

57
Q

what structures of the spinal cord are found in the cross sectrion

A

white matter
grey matter
horns of the grey matter
dorsal root ganglion
dorsal and ventral root
nerve
rami

58
Q

what is the dorsal root ganglion

A

cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons

59
Q

what is a dorsal root

A

axons of sensory neurons that bring info to spinal cord

60
Q

what are ventral roots

A

axons of motor neurons
- carry info away from spinal cord to muscles and glands

61
Q

what are rami

A

branches distal to spinal nerves

62
Q

what are horns

A

projections of grey matter of spinal cord

63
Q

what is a spinal nerve

A

fusion of dorsal and ventral roots that contain motor and sensory information

64
Q

what are the 2 functions of the spinal cord

A
  1. highway for ascending and descending tracts linking the PNS to CNS
  2. control center for reflexes
65
Q

what is a commissure

A

connection between the left and right sides of the grey matter of the spinal cord

66
Q

what is the lateral/medial corticospinal

A
  • skeletal muscle movement of hands and body
  • part of 2 neuron path for conscious control of skeletal muscles
67
Q

what are dorsal white columns

A

2 neuron path of sensory info of touch and pressure

68
Q

what is a reflex

A

automatic, involuntary response to a stimuli

69
Q

what are the characteristics of all reflexes

A
  • rapid
  • involuntary
  • predictable response
  • can be innate or learned
70
Q

what is a reflex arc

A

the path of nerve impulses from stimuli to response

71
Q

what are the components of the reflex arc

A
  • receptor
  • afferent path
  • control center
  • efferent path
  • effector
72
Q

what is the receptor of the reflex arc

A

dendrite ending of a sensory neuron

73
Q

what is the afferent path of the reflex arc

A

dendrite/axon of the sensory neuron in the nerve and dorsal root

74
Q

what is the control center of the reflex arc

A

synapse or interneuron in the gray matter

75
Q

what is the efferent path of the reflex arc

A

axon of the motor neuron in the ventral root and nerve

76
Q

what is the effector of the reflex arc

A

muscle or gland

77
Q

what is the stimulus, response, pathway and role of the stretch reflex

A

stimulus: inc in muscle length detected by muscle spindle
response: contraction
path: 2 neuron reflex arc
role: regulates muscle length

78
Q

what is the stimulus, response, pathway and role of the withdrawal reflex

A

stimulus: pain
response: withdrawal (flex)
path: 3 neuron reflex arc
role: withdrawals limb from stimulus

79
Q

whats the different between monosynaptic and polysnyaptic

A

mono: one synapse
poly: 2+ synapses

80
Q

what the difference between ipsilateral and contralateral

A

ip: motor response occurs on the same side of the body to stimulus
cont: motor response occurs on opp sides of the body to stimulus

81
Q

the cervical plexus supplies which part of the body

A

neck and thoracic cavity

82
Q

the brachial plexus supplies which parts of the body

A

upper limbs

83
Q

the lumbar plexus supplies which part of the body

A

lower limbs

84
Q

the sacral plexus supplies which part of the body

A

lower limbs

85
Q

what are cranial nerves

A

nerves that originate in the brain stem

86
Q

what is the effector of the somatic NS

A

skeletel muscle

87
Q

what is the effector of the ANS

A

smooth and cardiac muscles

88
Q

what is the control center of the somatic NS

A

cerebral cortex

89
Q

what is the control center of the ANS

A

hypothalamus

90
Q

what is the neuron path of the somatic NS

A

2 motor neuron path –> 1 in PNS

91
Q

what is the neuron path of the ANS

A

3 motor neuron path –> 2 in PNS

92
Q

what is the NT of the somatic NS

A

ach

93
Q

what is the NT of the ANS

A

ACH and epinephrine (E)

94
Q

the ANS splits into2 subdivisions, what are they

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

95
Q

what the difference between preganglionic and post ganglionic

A

pre: before the ganglion
post: after the ganglion

96
Q

what is a terminal ganglion

A

ganglion near or within the effector organ

97
Q

what is a sympathetic chain

A

ganglion chain near the spinal cord

98
Q

the sympathetic NS originates where?

A

spinal cord

99
Q

the sympathetic has a – pre ganglion and a — post ganglion

A

short, long

100
Q

the sympathetic NS contains a sympathetic ganglion chain. What is that?

A

paired bundle of nerves that extend from the base of the skull

101
Q

the sympathetic NS is responsible for what?

A
  • prepares body for action and motion
  • responsible for fight or flight reaction
  • exercise, emergency and emotions
102
Q

is the sympathetic NS catabolic or anabolic

A

catabolic

103
Q

where is the SNS located

A

thoracic lumbar regions

104
Q

the SNS innervates what parts of the body

A

trunk and limbs

105
Q

what’s the affect of the SNS

A
  • widespread because highly branched
  • long lasting: because epinephrine is released into blood stream
106
Q

when SNS is activated, what are the main things that occur (scared cat)

A
  • inc HR and BP
  • glucose is released for energy (mobilizes energy reserves)
  • inhibits digestive and urinary tract
  • adrenal medulla releases epinephrine
107
Q

the parasympathetic NS originates where?

A

spinal cord

108
Q

the para NS has a — preganglion and a — post ganglion

A

long, short

109
Q

is the pars NS anabolic or catabolic

A

anabolic

110
Q

the parasympathetic NS is responsible for what actions?

A
  • rest and digest response that conserves energy
111
Q

the para NS is located where

A

cranial and sacral regions

112
Q

the para NS innervates what?

A

viscera

113
Q

what NT are used by the para NS

A

ach

114
Q

describe the effects of the para NS

A
  • localized
  • short lives due to minimal branching
115
Q

when para NS is activated, what occurs to your body

A
  • heart slows
  • constricts bronchioles
  • contracts urinary bladder
  • digestive tract is stimulated
116
Q

the SNS releases what NTs at the post and preganglions

A

ACH at pre
E at post

117
Q

the para NS releases what NTS at the post and pre ganglions

A

ACH at pre
ACH at post

118
Q

what does dual innervation mean

A

an organ is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

anatomy final exam prep (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions