Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy final exam prep > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the endocrine system

A
  • growth and development
  • metabolism
  • fluid composition and volume of ECF
  • environmental changes
  • controls all aspects of reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the components of the endocrine system

A

hormone, gland, target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a hormone

A

chemical signal that travels through blood stream to a target cells and alters target cell activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a gland

A

group of cells that synthesize and secrete hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a target cell

A

cell with specific receptors for that hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

compare the endocrine system to the NS: what signals do they use?

A

end: chemical signal
NS: chemical and electrical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

compare the endocrine system to the NS: how is they target reached

A

end: reached by blood stream
NS: target cell is right beside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

compare the endocrine system to the NS: their reaction time and how long their affects last

A

end: slow to react, long lasting
NS: fast to react, short in duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

compare the endocrine system to the NS: what are they involved in

A

end: growth, development, reproduction, metabolism, etc
NS: movement, crisis management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are some chemical signals that coordinate cell activities

A

neural synapse
gap junctions
autocrine and paracrine
hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does the neural synapse coordinate cell activities

A

they release NT that alters adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how do gap junctions coordinate cell activities

A
  • they allow ion movements between cells
  • ensure that cells contract as a unit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does paracrine and autocrine coordinate cell activities

A
  • they’re local chemical signals between same or adjacent cells
  • they don’t circulate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do hormones coordinate cell activities

A

travel through bloodstream to target cells, which coordinates organs and systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does the binding of a hormone to a receptor alter cell activity

A

they alter cell activity by altering a protein
ex. enzyme, regulatory factors, membrane channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are 3 different stimuli that stimulate hormone secretion

A
  1. change in a chemical
  2. NS (adrenal medulla)
  3. another hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which gland has a duct: endocrine gland or exocrine gland?

A

exocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how are binded hormones inactivated

A

by enzymes, binding or removal of kidneys or liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how are hormones classified

A

water soluble or fat soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how are hormones classified as water soluble? give some examples

A
  • they’re protein derived
  • amino acid derived or polypeptide derived
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

give some examples of lipid proteins

A

glycoproteins
steroids
eicosanoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what’s the difference in the way water soluble vs lipid soluble act on a cell

A

water: acts through second messenger signalling cascade outside of cell
lipid: acts by binding to intracellular receptor inside cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what type of hormone uses the second messenger signalling system

A

water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a G protein

A
  • membrane bound protein
  • activated by hormone-receptor complex
  • activated adenylate cyclase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is adenyl cyclase

A
  • enzyme that synthesis cyclic AMP from atp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is cyclic AMP

A
  • the second messenger
  • formed in cytoplasm of target cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

describe the steps in the second messenger signalling

A
  1. hormone binds to cell surface receptor and creates a hormone-receptor complex
  2. complex activated G protein
  3. G protein activate adenylate cyclase
  4. adenylate cyclase form cyclic AMP from ATP
  5. cAMP acts as second messenger and activates the protein kinases
  6. it then phosphorylates which results in turning on/off a protein or membrane channel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the steps in hormone signalling

A
  1. a steroid hormone binds to a receptor thats either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus of the target cell
  2. hormone-receptor complex turn on/off transcription
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is a cascade

A

a series that is a chain of linked enzyme catalyzed reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is a down and up regulation

A

inhibition or stimulation of receptor formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the role of the anterior portion of the pituitary gland

A
  • glandular
  • creates/contains cell population that secrete 8 tropic hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the role of the posterior poriton of the pituitary gland

A
  • neural
  • contains axons and synaptic knobs that secrete ADH and oxytocin
33
Q

what are the 7 hormones that the anterior pituitary gland releases

A
  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • GH
  • PRL
  • FSH
  • LH
  • MSH
34
Q

what is the role of ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormones
- stimulates the production of cortisol

35
Q

what is the role of TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

36
Q

what is the role of MSH

A
  • melanocyte stimulating hormones
    (pigment called melanin)
37
Q

what is the role of FSH

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • sperm and egg formation
38
Q

what is the role of LH

A
  • luitenizing hormone
  • responsible for hormone production
  • aids in maturation of cells of ovaries and testis
39
Q

what is the role of PRL

A
  • prolactin
  • causes breasts to grow and milk to be produced during pregnancy
40
Q

what is the role of GH

A
  • growth hormone that stimulates protein synthesis in cells like bones and muscle
41
Q

how is the hypothalamus related to the anterior pituitary gland

A
  • regulatory factors are released from the hypothalamus are released into the hypophyseal portal system
  • this system gives hypothalamus direct control/connection to the anterior pit gland
42
Q

how is the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland related

A
  • it’s an extension of the hypothalamus neuron
  • has a separate circulation
43
Q

how does the hypothalamus regulate the endocrine system

A
  • secretes regulatory factors that act on the pituitary gland
  • posterior pituitary releases from axon terminal ADH and oxytocin into the blood stream
  • neural pathways control sympathetic output of adrenal medulla
44
Q

what is the role of the thyroid gland

A

synthesizes and secrets 2 hormones
- thyroid hormone
- calcitonin

45
Q

what is the function of the thyroid hormone

A
  • acts on almost all cells
  • important for growth ad development
  • increases metabolism (as if you’re turning a furnace on high)
46
Q

how is the thyroid hormone regulated

A

by a negative feedback loop

47
Q

describe the negative feedback loop that controls thyroid hormone

A

stim: dec in temp
resp: inc in temp
path: hypothalamus - TRH - anterior pituitary - TSH - thyroid and thyroid hormone - all cells

48
Q

inc in thyroid hormone inhibits what?

A

TSH secretion

49
Q

inc in temp inhibits what

A

stops the regulatory factors that release TRH from hypothalamus

50
Q

what is the role of the pineal gland

A
  • synthesizes melatonin
51
Q

what is the adrenal gland

A

synthesizes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

52
Q

what is the role of mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone
- inc blood pressure and volume

53
Q

what is the role of glucocorticoids

A
  • cortisol
  • long term stress
54
Q

what is androgens

A

testosterone

55
Q

what is the role of the adrenal medulla

A
  • secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • parts of the sympathetic response
56
Q

describe the role of cortisol

A
  • long term stress hormone
  • provides energy by mobilizing energy reserves
  • is an anti-inflammatory that suppresses the immune system
57
Q

what is the role of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A
  • inc HR and BP
  • provides energy
58
Q

what is the pancreas

A

an exocrine and endocrine gland

59
Q

what hormones do the pancreas secrete

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
60
Q

what is the role of insulin

A
  • reduces blood sugar levels by using and storing glucose
61
Q

what is the role of glucagon

A
  • inc blood glucose levels by mobilizing energy reserves
62
Q

when does diabetes occur

A
  • when glucose is not utilized
  • instead fat are mobilized
63
Q

what is diabetes 1

A

inadequate insulin production

64
Q

what is diabetes 2

A

insulin levels are normal or high but tissues fail to respond to it

65
Q

what is the secondary endocrine function of the kidneys

A
  • release AgII and EPO
66
Q

what is the secondary endocrine function of the heart

A

release ANP

67
Q

what is the role of ANP

A
  • decreases BP and volume
68
Q

what is the role of Ag II

A

inc BP and volume
- vacoconstricts

69
Q

what is the role of oxytocin

A

labor contraction
lactation
sexual response

70
Q

what are antagonistic hormones and give an example

A
  • opposing
  • insulin and glucagon
71
Q

what are synergistic hormones and give an example

A
  • additive
  • growth hormones and glucocorticoids
72
Q

what are permissive hormones and give and example

A
  • one hormone is needed for function of second hormone
  • epinephrine and thyroid hormones
73
Q

what is an integrative hormone and give an example

A
  • different but complimentary effects
  • calcitriol and parathyroid hormone
74
Q

what is the alarm phase of stress

A

short term phase
flight or fight

75
Q

what hormone is released during the alarm phase

A

epinephrine by the SNS

76
Q

what is the resistance stress phase

A
  • chronic or long term
77
Q

what hormone is releases during the resistance stress phase

A

cortisol, aldosterone, ADH, glucagon, epinephrine
- to maintain BP and mobilize energy reserves

78
Q

what is the exhaustion phase of the stress phase

A
  • electrolytes, imbalance, exhausted reserves,
  • inhibition of immune system causes organ damage and failure

anatomy final exam prep (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions