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anatomy final exam prep > the neuron and nerve transmission > Flashcards

the neuron and nerve transmission Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 cells of the NS

A

neuron and neuroglia

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2
Q

what is the function of the neuron

A
  • receives, conducts and transmits electrical signals
  • it’s the functional and structural unit of the NS
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3
Q

what components make up a neuron

A

cell body and processes

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4
Q

what is a cell body

A

cell mass of a neuron that contains nucleus and organelles

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5
Q

what are processes

A

projections that come off the cell body (dendrites and axons)

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6
Q

what organelles are found inside the cell body

A
  • nissl bodies
  • neurofibrils
  • nerve fibers
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7
Q

what are nissl bodies? what’s their function

A
  • clusters of rough er
  • synthesize proteins
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8
Q

what are neurofibrils? whats their function

A
  • bundles of intermediate filaments
  • provide cell shape and support
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9
Q

what are nerve fibers? what are some examples?

A
  • neuronal extensions that emerge from the cell body
  • axons and dendrites
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10
Q

what are dendrites?

A
  • processes that are the info receivors of a neuron
  • conduct nerve impulses towards cell body
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11
Q

what receptors do dendrites have

A
  • receptor sites for chemical messengers from other cells to bind to
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12
Q

what is an axon

A
  • longer process that transmits a nerve impulse away from the cell body –> towards other neurons
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13
Q

what components does an axon have

A
  • axon hillock
  • axon telodendria
  • collaterals
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14
Q

what is an axon hillock

A

site of transition between axon and cell body

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15
Q

what is an axon telodendria

A
  • branches/processes at the distal end of an axon
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16
Q

what are collaterals

A

side branch of axons

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17
Q

what is the axon terminal

A

axon ending that contain vesicles of NT

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18
Q

what is a myelin sheath

A
  • multilayer membrane coverings that wrap arounx axons
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19
Q

what is the function of myelin sheaths

A
  • insulate the axon
  • inc speed of nerve impulses
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20
Q

what are nodes of ranvier

A
  • gaps along the myelin sheath
  • location where collaterals arise
  • where nerve impulse is transmitted
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21
Q

how are neurons classified

A

structurally or functionally

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22
Q

define the structural classification of neurons and what the types are

A
  • number of processes on cell body
  • unipolar (1), bipolar (2), multipolar (many processes)
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23
Q

define the functional classification of neurons and what the types are

A
  • classified according to the direction in which the nerve impulses travel
  • sensory: delivers info (afferent)
  • inter/association: makes a decision
  • motor: sends info to muscle (efferent)
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24
Q

what is the function of neuroglia

A
  • support neurons –> holds nervous tissue together
  • provide metabolic support for neurons
  • aka helper cell
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25
Q

what are the types of neuroglia in the cns

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • miroglia
  • ependymal
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26
Q

what are the types of neuroglia in the pns

A
  • schwann cells
  • satellite cells
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27
Q

which neuroglia is the largest and most abundant

A

astrocytes

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28
Q

what is the function of astrocytes

A
  • hold and support neurons
  • provide 3d framework
  • regulate/control environment
  • form the blood brain barrier
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29
Q

what is the function of oligodendrocytes

A

form and maintain myelin sheath

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30
Q

what is the function of the microglia

A
  • immune function
  • phagocytize microbes and damaged nervous tissue
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31
Q

what is the function of ependymal

A
  • epithelial-like cells that line fluid-filled cavities
  • produce cerebrospinal fluid
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32
Q

what is the function of schwann cells

A
  • form myelin sheath
  • each cell myelinates a single axon
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33
Q

what is the function of satellite cells

A
  • same function of astrocytes
  • provide structural support and regulate exchanges
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34
Q

what is a membrane potential

A

unequal charge difference across a membrane

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35
Q

what is the resting membrane potential

A
  • membrane potential at rest
  • -70 mV
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36
Q

what are the 2 types of potentials used by neurons

A
  • grades: for short distance communication
  • action: long distance communication
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37
Q

what are the factors that contribute to the membranes resting potential

A
  • membranes
  • sodium potassium ATPase pump
  • negatively charged proteins
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38
Q

how do membranes contribute to the resting membrane potential

A
  • barriers to charged ion
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39
Q

how does the sodium potassium ATPase pump contribute to the resting membrane potential

A
  • establishes and maintains ion gradients
  • responsible for unequal charge distribution –> 3 Na in/2 K out
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40
Q

what is the ion gradient caused by the sodium potassium pump

A
  • high potassium inside cell
  • high sodium outside of cell
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41
Q

how do negatively charged proteins contribute to the resting membrane potential

A
  • their negative and are permanently inside the cell
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42
Q

at resting potential, what are the charges in and out of the cell

A
  • negative inside
  • positive outside
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43
Q

what do nerve and muscle cells have in common

A

the only ones who’s change in membrane potential creates an electrical signal

44
Q

what are ion channels

A
  • channels that allow potentials to occur
  • main path for current to flow across membrane
45
Q

why do ion channels open or close

A
  • in response to a stimuli
46
Q

how do ion channels open

A
  • due to the movement of ions through the membrane (down the electromagnet gradient)
  • when ions move, they create electrical currents that changes the membrane potential
47
Q

what is a chemically gated ion channel

A

ion channels that are opened/closed by a NT

48
Q

what is a voltage gated ion channel

A

channels that are opened/closed by a change in membrane potential

49
Q

whar are the 2 kinds of voltage gated ion channels? where are they located

A
  • Na+ and K+ –> axon
  • Ca2+ –> axon terminal
50
Q

what type of chemically gated ion channel is used? where is it found?

A
  • Na+ or K+ –> cell body and dendrites
51
Q

what does polarized mean

A

another term for resting membrane potential

52
Q

what does depolarization mean

A

potential become more positive (less polar)

53
Q

what does hyperpolarization mean

A

potential becomes more negative (more polar)

54
Q

what does repolarization mean

A

becomes more negative and returns to resting state

55
Q

what does hyper-polarization mean

A

becomes more negative than -70 mV

56
Q

a graded potential is due to what type of gate? where is it located?

A
  • chemical gates
  • along cell body and dendrites
57
Q

what is an action potential

A

sequence of rapid events that depolarize and repolarize the resting membrane potential

58
Q

what are the phases/steps in the formation of an action potential

A
  1. threshold
  2. depolarization
  3. repolarization
  4. hyperpolarization
59
Q

what is the threshold?

A

-55 mV

60
Q

describe the events that take place in the depolarization phase of an action potential

A
  1. a stimulus brings the resting membrane potential to threshold
  2. by reaching the threshold, it triggers the opening of the Na+ voltage gated ion channel to open
  3. Na+ rushes in
  4. because of the Na+, the membrane goes from -55 mV to +30 mV
  5. at +30 mV, K+ channels open and Na+ channels close
61
Q

describe the events that occur in the repolarization phase of an act pot

A
  1. because the k+ gates are open, K+ rushes out of the cell, which causes repolarization
  2. membrane potential returns back to -70 mV
62
Q

describe the hyperpolarization phase of an act pot

A
  1. overshoot (hyperpolarization) is corrected by the Na+k+ ATPase pump
  2. the pump brings it back to rest
  3. overtime, the pump restores the intracellular ion levels
63
Q

what is a refractory period

A
  • period in repolarization where the axon is unable to respond to a second stimulus
  • Na+ channels are open and starting to close
  • membrane can’t response because it’s already depolarized
64
Q

what are the 2 types of refactory period

A

absolute and relative

65
Q

what is an absolute refactory period

A

stimulus can’t cause an act pot because it’s happening during the opening/closing of Na channels

66
Q

what is a relative refractory period

A
  • Na gates are closes and K+ gates are open
  • strong stimulus will reopen the Na channels and cause a second act pot
67
Q

what is a graded potential

A
  • small deviation from the resting membrane potential that either depolarizes or hyperpolarizes the membrane
68
Q

how does a graded potential occur

A
  • occurs when a stimulus causes chemically gated channels to open/close
69
Q

where do graded potentials occur

A

cell bodies and dendrites

70
Q

describe the current that’s created by the graded potential

A
  • electrical signals vary on magnitude depending on strength of stimulus
  • are localized (current flows for a short distance)
  • will quickly die out because the charge is loss
71
Q

what is the all or nothing

A

a response will always occur at a given value or won’t occur at all if that value isn’t achieved

72
Q

what are the 2 types of graded potentials

A
  1. inhibitory post synaptic potential
  2. excitatory post synaptic potential
73
Q

what is ipsp (inhibitory post synaptic pot)

A
  • NT binds to and opens K+ channel
  • K moves out of cell
  • causes hyperpolarization
74
Q

what is excitatory post synaptic potential (epsp)

A
  • NT binds to and open Na channel
  • sodium moves into cell
  • causes depolarization
75
Q

list the difference between the graded potential and action potentials

A

graded
- magnitude varies
- depolarization or hyperpolarization
- signal fades
- in cell bodies or dendrites
- chemicaly gated ion channels
- NT driven

action
- same magnitude
- depolarizes and repolarizes
- signal is propagated
- found in axon and axon terminal
- voltage gated ion channels
- threshold driven

76
Q

what is propagation

A
  • when an ac pot (impulse) keeps its strength as it spreads along the membrane
  • it’s what allows communication from different parts of your body
77
Q

when an impulse is spread along your body, is it the same act pot the whole time?

A

no
- they constantly regenerate

78
Q

in what direction do act pot propagate?

A
  • one direction only
  • from trigger zone to axon terminal
79
Q

why is transmission unidirectional

A
  • because axon hillock cannot form an act pot
  • previous segment enters into refractory period
80
Q

what are the 2 types of propagation

A
  • continuous conduction
  • saltatory conduction
81
Q

what is continous conduction

A
  • step by step re/depolarization of each segment of the plasma membrane
  • ions flow thru each voltage gated channel in each section
82
Q

where do continous conductions propagate

A

unmyelinated axons and muscle fibers

83
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A
  • act pot occurs from node to node (leaps)
84
Q

where does saltatory conduction occur and why

A
  • myelinated axons
  • myelinated axons inc speed and uses less energy
85
Q

what are the steps of propagation

A
  1. graded potential of +30 mV forms in axon hillock
  2. current depolarizes the segment next to axon hillock which brings the sodium voltage gates to threshold
  3. act pot forms while hillock enters refractory
  4. +30 mv creates a current that brings next segment to threshold, which forms another act pot
  5. this repeats until axon terminal
86
Q

what is summation

A

process of adding up all graded potentials

87
Q

what is temporal summation

A

adding up high frequency of graded potential

88
Q

what is spatial summation

A

addition of epsp from several synapses in the same area, that arrive at the same time

89
Q

what is a neuromodulator

A

compounds that stimulate or inhibit a NT

90
Q

what are the 3 components of the synapse

A
  1. axon terminal
  2. synaptic cleft
  3. motor end plate
91
Q

what is a synapse

A

junction between 2 neurons or a neuron and effector

92
Q

what is the axon terminal

A
  • place filled with vesicles containing NT
93
Q

what is the synaptic cleft

A

extracellular space between 2 neurons

94
Q

what is a motor end plate (or posst neuron)

A

contains receptors for the incoming NT or chemically gated ion channels

95
Q

what are the steps at the synapse

A
  1. act pot arrives
  2. Ca2+ gates open and calcium moves in
  3. rush of calcium triggers the fustion of the vesicle membrane with the cell membrane
  4. NT are released into the synaptic cleft
  5. NT binds to receptors on post synaptic cleft/motor end plate
  6. binding of NT causes the opening of gated ion channels
  7. forms either EPSP or IPSP
  8. depolarization may occur
96
Q

what happens when a NT binds to and opens a Na channel

A
  • epsp
  • results in depolarization
97
Q

what happens when a NT binds to and opens a K channel

A
  • ipsp
  • results in hyperpolarization
98
Q

how many types of NT are there

A

50-100

99
Q

what is the lock and key interactions of NT

A

a NT will only affect post synaptic receptors that have the correct shape for that specific NT

100
Q

what is acetyl choline

A
  • NT released at neuromuscular junction
101
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A
  • NT released in sympathetic NS
102
Q

what is a series circuit

A

info relayed step by step from one neuron to the next

103
Q

what is a parallel circuit

A

several neuron circuits process the info at the same time

104
Q

what is a converging circuit

A

info travels from many neurons to one neuron

105
Q

what is a diverging neurons

A

info travels from one neuron to many neurons

anatomy final exam prep (8 decks)

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