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human biology > tissues > Flashcards

tissues Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 4 types of tissue?

A

connective tissue
nervous tissue
muscle tissue
epithelial tissue

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2
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue

A
  • highly cellular
  • bind to each other and to the basememnt membrane via adhesions or junctions
  • avascular -> lacks blood vessels
  • can be regenerated
  • can be derived from all 3 germinal layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)
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3
Q

why are epithelial cells polarised?

A

they have distinct cell surfaces that differ structurally and functionally

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4
Q

what do polarised epithelial cells form?

A

a continuous layer that protects and seperates the inside of our bodies from the outside environment

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5
Q

what are the three surfaces of epithelial cells?

A
  • free apical surface
  • lateral surface
  • basal surface
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6
Q

free apical surface

A
  • not attached to other cells
  • often lines the lumen of ducts and cavities
  • projects towards external surface / lumen
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7
Q

lateral surface of epithelial cells

A
  • attached to other epithelial cells
  • orients perpendicularly to the apical and basal membranes
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8
Q

basal surface / basal epithelial cells

A

attached to the basement membrane

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9
Q

basement membrane

A
  • attaches epithelia to underlying tissues
  • seperates tissue and protects them from mechanical stress
    e.g. seperates layers of stratified squamous epithelial cells from lamina propria
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10
Q

apical specialisations

A
  • microvilli
  • stereocilia
  • cilia
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11
Q

microvilli

A

cytoplasmic protrusions

  • often found on epithelium lining internal passages
  • increases surface area e.g. intestines
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12
Q

stereocilia

A

similar to microvilli but longer

  • non-motile
  • limited distribution to epididymis/vas deferens & sensory cells in the ear
  • male reproductive tract
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13
Q

cilia

A

motile hair-like protrusions

  • hundreds per cell
  • coordinated beats to move substances
  • found in respiratory epithelium & fallopian tubes
  • reduced cilia movement -> less mucous movement = reduced protection against bacteria
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14
Q

what are tissues?

A

group/layer of specialised cells that work together and perform certain functions

  • all types of tissues are present in most organs
  • they each consist of cells and extracellular materials
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15
Q

basolateral specialisations

A

epithelial cells are very cohesive and close together.

  • specialisations = junctions (between cells and underlying basememt membrane)
    these junctions help to:
  • maintain polarised state
  • join cells together
  • exchange information and metabolites
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16
Q

occluding/tight junctions

A

seals cells together to prevent leaking
located at top of cell - closer to microvilli

  • zona occludens = apical part of lateral domain, almost fusing two cells together
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17
Q

anchoring junctions

A

mechanically attaches cells to the neighbouring cells
abundant in tissues that experience extreme stress e.g. skin / cardiac muscle

  • zona adherens= strong junctions that join cells at lateral domains
  • hemidesmosome = strong at basal domain to allow the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane
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18
Q

communicating/gap junctions

A

allows the passage of chemical or electrical signals through the cell

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19
Q

epithelial cell functions

A
  • protecting underlying structures
  • allowing passage of certain substances
  • barrier to prevent movement of unwanted substances
  • secretion of substances
  • provide sensations
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20
Q

classification of epithelial cells

A

number of layers

  • simple = single layer -> good for absorption
  • stratified = 2 or more layers -> good for protection
  • pseudostratified = 1 layer of a mixture of cell shapes

shapes of cells

  • squamous = flat
  • cuboidal = cube shape
  • columnar = tall cylindrical shaped
  • transitional = readily change shape -> stretching

surface specialisations

  • cilia
  • keratin
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21
Q

epithelial tissue names

A

= number of layers + shape of cell at free surface

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22
Q

simple squamous

A

structure:

  • single layer
  • flat, hexagonal cells
  • flat nuclei

function:

  • diffusion
  • secretion and absorption
  • barrier / protection against friction

location:

  • lining of blood vessels & heart & alveoli…
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23
Q

simple cuboidal

A

structure:

  • single layer, cube-shaped cells
  • some have microvilli or cilia

function:

  • diffusion
  • secretion & absorption
  • movement of particles in mucous out of e.g. bronchioles by ciliated cells

location:

  • kideny tubules
  • glands
  • lining of terminal bronchiolesn in lungs
  • ducts and areas where secretion occurs in small glands
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24
Q

lamina propria

A

loose connective tissue found under thin layer of tissues covering a mucous membrane

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25
Q

simple columnar

A

structure:

  • single layer of tall, narrow cells
  • some microvilli or cilia

function:

  • movement of substances
  • absorption & secretion
  • more protection that the flat squamous cells

location:

  • glands and some ducts
  • brochioles of the lungs
  • stomach, intestines..
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26
Q

stratified squamous

A

structure:

  • multiple layers of cells that are cube-shaped in basal layer and get flatter towards the surface
  • nonkeratinized (moist) or keratinized
  • thicker = protection

function:

  • protection against abrasion
  • barrier against infection
  • reduced water loss

location:

  • keratinized = skin
  • non-keratinized = mouth, larynx, anus…
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27
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

structure:

  • multiple layers of cube-shaped cells

function:

  • secretion & absorption
  • protection against infection

location:

  • rare
  • sweat gland ducts
  • ovarian follicular cells, salivary gland ducts
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28
Q

stratified columnar

A

structure:

  • multiple layers of cells with tall, thin cells on layers of more cube-shaped cells
  • ciliated in larynx

function:

  • protection
  • secretion but NO ABSORPTION

location:

  • mammary gland ducts
  • larynx
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29
Q

pseudostratified columnar

A

structure:

  • single layer (some reach free surface, some do not)
  • nuclei at different levels
  • appears stratified
  • almost always ciliated & associated to goblet cells

function:

  • synthesize, secrete & move mucous
    location:
  • lining of nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea
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30
Q

transitional epithelium

A
  • cell shape & number of layers depend on how stretched it is
  • non stretched = cuboidal or columnar
  • stretched = flattened or squamous
  • as stretches -> cells shift on one another so number of layers decreases
  • accomodate fluctuations in volume of fluid in organs or tubes
  • protection against caustic effects of urine -> lining of urinary bladder
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31
Q

keratin

A

nonkeratinized (moist) = layers of fluid covering outermost layers of cells
-> mouth, throat, anus, vagina

keratinized = living cells in deepest layers, outer layers contain keratin (dead)
-> tissue = dry, durable, moisture-resistant
-> skin, gums…
has extra protection e.g. from burns

keratin: tough and fibrous protein
-> forms intermediate filaments that give structure to epithelial cells

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32
Q

smoking

A

normal columnar epithelium -> squamous metaplasia

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33
Q

connective tissue

A
  • abundant
  • makes up part of every organ in the body
  • cells seperated by extracellular matrix
  • connections and support (ligaments and tendons, bone and cartilage)
  • cushioning, insulation &storage (adipose tissue)
  • transport (blood)
  • provides environment where exchange of nutrients and gases can occur
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34
Q

types of connective tissue

A
  • connective tissue proper (loose, dense)
  • supporting connective tissue (cartilage, bone)
  • fluid connective tissue (blood, haemopoietic tissue)
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35
Q

tendons

A

bone to muscle

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36
Q

ligaments

A

bone to bone

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37
Q

what specific connective tissue are ligaments and tendons composed of?

A

collagenous connective tissue

38
Q

which 3 fibres make up the extracellular matrix?

A
  • collagen
  • reticular
  • elastic
39
Q

collagen fibres

A
  • abundant protein
  • can form elongated bundles of fibres, sheets and networks
  • strong and flexible
  • straight and thicker
  • type 1: most abundant -> ligaments and tendons
  • type 2 -> cartilage
  • type 3 -> reticular fibres
40
Q

elastic fibres

A
  • secreted by fibroblasts
  • branching networks in ECM
  • thinner
  • in areas where greater elasticity is needed e.g. lungs, blood vessel walls
41
Q

reticular fibres

A
  • type 3 collagen fibre
  • branch extensively -> form networks to fill spaces between tissues and organs
  • allow more give than collagen fibres
  • found in liver, spleen and lymph nodes
42
Q

resident cells

A

reside in the place they are found

43
Q

examples of resident cells in connective tissue

A
  • fibroblasts: produce collagen & other fibres
  • fibrocyte: cells that maintain fibres
  • adipocyte: fat cells that store energy & cushioning
  • mast cell: anti-inflammatory chemicals in response to allergens
  • macrophage: initiates immune response & destroys pathogens
  • blood cells: deliver oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body
44
Q

what is connective tissue made of?

A

cells and extracellular matrix

45
Q

loose connective tissue

A
  • cushions and supports the epithelia, dermis, lamina propria, glands and ducts.
  • supports vascular supply to epithelia and contain immune cells that protect against foreign antigens
  • contains more cells and fewer fibres than dense connective tissue
46
Q

where is loose connective tissue found?

A
  • lamina propria beneath epithelial lining of the skin and digestive tract
  • around glands and ducts
47
Q

dense connective tissue

A
  • contains more fibres and fewer cells
  • tough / able to withstand more force
  • irregular or regular
48
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A
  • dermis (deep layer) of skin
  • organ capsules
  • submucosa layer of digestive tract
    -> areas subject to twisting, pressure or friction that still need flexibility for embedded nerves and blood vessels
49
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A
  • ligaments
  • tendons
    -> areas that anchor other tissue and need to resist over-stretching
50
Q

reticular connective tissue

A
  • provides a 3D mesh-like scaffold
  • supports soft organs
  • typically found in bone marrow, liver, pancreas, adrenal glands & all lymphoid organs (except thymus)
    -> flexible framework that supports cells with specific functions related to that organ
51
Q

elastic connective tissue

A
  • help structures like the aorta, larger arteries, and some ligaments ( spring back to original shape after being stretched)
    -> structures that need to “rebound” to original shape after being stretched
52
Q

specialized connective tissue

A
  • bones
  • cartilage
  • adipose tissue
53
Q

adipose tissue

A
  • contains fat cells
  • found below skin and around the organs
  • stores energy
54
Q

bone

A
  • contains osteocytes
  • provides structural support and protection
55
Q

cartilage

A
  • contains chondrocytes
  • found at joints
  • minimizes friction
56
Q

fibroblasts

A

produce and secrete collagen that forms the extracellular matrix of loose (aerolar) connective tissue beneath the skin

57
Q

ground substance

A
  • allows diffusion of nutrients and chemicals throughout tissue
  • anchors fibres and cells in tissue
  • contributes to mechanical and structural support
  • viscous and gel-like in structure
  • has high water content
58
Q

muscular system

A
  • large group of contractible cells
  • can contract and relax
  • allow the body to move
59
Q

three types of muscle tissue

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • skeletal muscle
60
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • only found in the heart
  • controls pumping of blood through the heart
61
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • found in the walls of hollow organs
  • e.g. digestive sytsem, certain blood vessels
62
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • most common
  • controls all voluntary movement
  • attached to bones
  • contracts to facilitate movement
  • contain bundles of long, multinucleated cells
  • cells are striated
63
Q

sarcomeres

A

contractile unit of muscles

64
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • striated
  • only found in the heart
  • cells are long & branched
  • cells are connected at intercalated discs
  • contraction = involuntary, vigorous and rhythmic
  • nuclei = cylindrical and centrally located
65
Q

nervous tissue

A
  • neurons -> nerve cells = functional unit of NS, send signals around the body
  • glial cells -> support cells = protect and provide nutrients and immune functions to the neurons
66
Q

neurons

A

excitable cells that produce action potentials when they are chemically or electrically stimulated

67
Q

grey matter

A

cell bodies of neurons

68
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons

69
Q

cerebrum

A
  • largest part of the brain
  • split into two hemispheres
70
Q

cerebellum

A
  • located at the base of the brain
  • below cerebrum
  • behind the brainstem
71
Q

medulla

A
  • connection between brainstem and spinal cord
  • white matter
  • brain stem
  • composed of neuron axons
72
Q

cortex

A
  • grey matter
  • outer layer of cerebrum
  • composed of neuron cell bodies
73
Q

astrocytes

A
  • anchor neurons and capillaries together -> hold neurons close to nutrient supply
  • barrier between neurons and capillaries -> help regulate chemical environment around neurons
74
Q

microglia

A
  • engulf microorganisms and dead neural tissue
  • phagocytosis
75
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • line ventricles of brain and central canal of the spinal cord
  • these cells are important for the production, absorption and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
76
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • produce myelin sheath that wrap around and insulate nerve fibres
  • speed up the conduction of electrical signals
77
Q

what is a tract?

A
  • bundle of axons (nerve fibres) that connects one part of the brain to another
  • form the white matter of the CNS
  • known as a nerve in the PNS
78
Q

basket cells

A

make inhibitory synapses and control the overall potentials of target cells

79
Q

stellate cells

A
  • flattened cells
  • around cell bodies of neurons
  • regulate the chemical environment
  • involved in repair
  • liver-specific mesenchymal cells that play vital roles in liver physiology and fibrogenesis
  • located in the space of Disse and maintain close interactions with sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic epithelial cells.
80
Q

golgi cells

A
  • pacemakers
  • can impose specific temporal dynamics to granule cell responses
  • located in the cerebellum
81
Q

granule cell

A
  • in the dorsal cochlear nucleus
  • small neurons with two or three short dendrites that give rise to a few branches with expansions at the terminals
82
Q

purkinje cell

A
  • a unique type of neuron-specific to the cerebellar cortex
  • massive, intricately branched, flat dendritic trees, giving them the ability to integrate large amounts of information and learn by remodeling their dendrites
83
Q

what is the spinal cord?

A
  • continuation of brainstem
  • relays sensory and motor information between cerebral cortex, cerebellum, organs and limbs
  • contains spinal meninges: dura mater, pia mater and arachnoid mater
84
Q

pia mater

A
  • thin, connective tissue
  • tightly adhered to surface of spinal cord
85
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • layer that looks like a spider-web
  • provides protection and nutritional support to spinal cord
86
Q

in which horn of the spinal cord do the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons lie?

A

anterior (ventral) horns

  • axons exit via the ventral roots at each level of the spinal cord
  • each axon has a target skeletal muscle
87
Q

what runs through the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

88
Q

what kind of tissue is the extracellular matrix?

A

connective

  • collagen
  • reticular
  • elastic
89
Q

what are muscle tissues surrounded by?

A

fascia

90
Q

what is fascia? where is it found?

A
  • thin casing of connective tissue
  • surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber and muscle in place
91
Q

function of fascia?

A
  • provides structure and support throughout your body
  • hold muscles together -> allows them to contract and stretch
  • provides a smooth surface for your muscles, joints and organs to slide against each other without creating any friction or tears

human biology (11 decks)

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