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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

flexion

A

decrease the angle between two bones -> bending

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2
Q

extension

A

increase the angle between two bones -> straightening a bend

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3
Q

abduction

A

move the body region away from the body´s midline

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4
Q

adduction

A

move the body region towards the body´s midline

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5
Q

circumduction

A

combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction that moves the body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region in motion stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle.

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6
Q

medial (internal) roation

A

a movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body.

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7
Q

lateral (external) rotation

A

a movement that brings the anterior surface away from the midline.

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8
Q

pronation

A

to rotate the forearm so the palm faces backward or down.

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9
Q

supination

A

to rotate the forearm so the palm faces forward or up.

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10
Q

protraction

A

to move a bone forward without changing the angle.

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11
Q

retraction

A

to move a bone backward without changing the angle.

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12
Q

depression

A

to move a body part down

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13
Q

elevation

A

to move a body part up

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14
Q

what are the bones of the upper limb

A
  • clavicle
  • scapula
  • humerus
  • radius
  • ulna
  • carpal bones
  • phalanges
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15
Q

some joints of the upper limb

A
  • shoulder (glenohumeral) joint
  • elbow joint (proximal radiohumeral & Ulnohumeral joints)
  • the wrist (radiocarpal) joint
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16
Q

the main arterial blood vessels of the upper limb

A
  • the subclavian artery
  • the axillary artery
  • the brachial artery
  • the radial artery
  • the ulnar artery
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17
Q

the main nerves of the upper limb

A
  • axillary nerve
  • musculocutaneous nerve
  • median nerve
  • ulnar nerve
  • radial nerve
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18
Q

what type of joint is the shoulder joint?

A
  • a ball and socket joint -> multiaxial
  • involves an articulation (where 2 or more bones meet) between the large sherical head of the humerus and the small glenoid cavity of the scapula
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19
Q

what does the gelenoid labrum in the shoulder joint do?

A
  • it slightly deepens and enlarges the glenoid cavity
  • it is a narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the glenoid cavity
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20
Q

how is the shoulder joint stabilised?

A
  • by the rotator cuff of muscles
  • the long head of biceps brachii muscle
  • bony processes & ligaments
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21
Q

bones of the shoulder joint

A
  • clavicle
  • scapula
  • humerus
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22
Q

clavicle bone

A
  • a long bone
  • has a flattened acromial end near the shoulder and a round sternal end near the midline
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23
Q

scapula bone

A
  • flat bone
  • important for anchoring muscles of the rotator cuff
  • has a bumpy (dorsal) side and a smooth (cotal) side that slides along the ribs
  • lateral side has a smooth round indentation known as glenoid fossa -> where it articulates with the humerus
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24
Q

humerus bone

A
  • long bone
  • runs from shoulder to elbow
  • proximal end articulates with the glenoid fossa of scapula to form the glenohumeral joint / shoulder joint
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25
Q

glenohumeral ligaments

A
  • formed by 3 thickenings of the articular capsule over the anterior surfacer of the joint
  • superior, middle, inferior
  • extends from the glenoid cavity to the lesser tubercle and anatomical neck of the humerus
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26
Q

transverse humeral ligaments

A
  • thickening of the capsule
  • runs between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus
  • functions to hold the tendon of the long head of the biceps branchii muscle in the intertubercular sulcus
  • anterior
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27
Q

coracohumeral ligament

A
  • extends from the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus
  • superior
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28
Q

bursae

A

cushions the area between the rotator cuff tendons and the acromion

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29
Q

what are the rotator cuff muscles?

A
  • subscapularis muscle
  • supraspinatus muscle
  • infraspinatus muscle
  • teres minor muscle
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30
Q

what do the rotator cuff muscles connect and provide support for?

A
  • connect the scapula to the humerus
  • support the glenohumeral joint
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31
Q

movements of the shoulder joint

A
  • extension
  • flexion
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • medial rotation
  • lateral rotation
  • circumduction
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32
Q

what type of joint is the elbow joint?

A

a complex hinge joint

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33
Q

what are the two articulations between in the elbow joint?

A
  • The trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus
  • The head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus
  • The rounded distal end of the humerus is divided into two joint processes – the trochlea on the medial side and the capitulum on the lateral side. The trochlea forms a tight joint with the trochlear notch of the ulna. On the lateral side, the head of the radius meets the capitulum of the humerus to complete the elbow joint.
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34
Q

what is the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

a pivot joint (one articulation)

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35
Q

what is an articulation?

A

where two or more bones meet

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36
Q

where is the proximal radioulnar joint found?

A

immediately below the elbow joint

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37
Q

what is the articualtion in the proximal radioulnar joint between?

A
  • The head of radius and the radial notch of the ulna
  • The radial head is held in place by the annular ligament, a ring-like ligament that encircles the head of the radius; it holds the head of the radius in the radial notch of the ulna.
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38
Q

what do the anterior arm muscles cause the elbow joint to do?

A

flex the forearm

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39
Q

where are the anterior arm muscles located?

A

go from the scapula and humerus and insert onto the anterior radius or ulna

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40
Q

what do the posterior arm muscles cause the elbow joint to do?

A

extend the forearm

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41
Q

where are the posterior arm muscles located?

A

from scapula and humerus and insert onto the posterior radius or ulna

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42
Q

movements of the elbow joint

A
  • flexion
  • extension
43
Q

which muscles are involved in the flexion of the forearm?

A
  • biceps brachii
  • brachialis
  • brachioradialis
44
Q

which muscles are involved in the extension of the forearm?

A
  • triceps brachii
  • anconeus
45
Q

how is movement at the proximal radioulnar joint produced?

A

by the head of the radius rotating within the annular ligament -> allows for pronation and supination of the forearm

46
Q

movements of the proximal radioulnar joint

A
  • pronation
  • supination
47
Q

which muscles are involved in pronation of the forearrm?

A
  • pronator quadratus
  • pronator teres
48
Q

which muscles are involved in supination of the forearm?

A
  • supinator
  • biceps brachii
49
Q

which movement is produced when the radius bone leaves anatomical position and rotates across the ulna?

A

pronation

50
Q

wrist joint

A
  • complex joint
  • bridges hand to the forearm
  • collection of multiple bones
51
Q

what is the radius?

A
  • a long bone of the forearm
  • located on the lateral side
52
Q

what are carpals?

A
  • 8 cube shaped short bones
  • at the most proximal end of the hand that forms the wrist
  • as long as they are wide
53
Q

carpal bone mnemonic

A

Straight Line To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb =
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform
- Hamate
- Capitate
- Trapezoid
- Trapezium

54
Q

metacarpals

A
  • 5 long bones that form the palm of the hand
  • each associated with a digit
  • 5 digits = 4 fingers + pollux (thumb) -> phalanges
55
Q

phalanges (phalanx)

A
  • long bones
  • form the “digits”
56
Q

primary extrinsic ligaments in the wrist

A
  • Dorsal radiocarpal ligament (between radius and carpal bones)
  • Radial collateral ligament (between the radius and scaphoid/trapezium)
  • Palmar radiocarpal ligament (between radius and carpal bones)
  • Ulnar collateral ligament (between the ulna and triquetrum/pisiform)
57
Q

movements at the wrist joint

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • ulnar deviation (adduction)
  • radial deviation (abduction)
58
Q

how do movements in the wrist occur?

A

performed by prime mover muscles of the forearem

59
Q

anterior wrist flexor muscles

A
  • flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) -> flexion and adduction
  • flexor carpi radialis (FCR) -> flexion and abduction
  • palmaris longus (PL) -> flexion
60
Q

wrist extension muscles

A
  • extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) -> extension and abduction
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) -> extension and abduction
  • extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) -> extension and adduction
61
Q

which muscles help produce wrist abduction?

A
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • extensor carpi radialis longus
62
Q

bones of the lower limb

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
  • femur
  • tibia
  • fibula
  • tarsals
  • metatarsals
  • phalanges
63
Q

joints of the lower limb

A
  • hip joint
  • knee joint
  • ankle joint
64
Q

main arteries of the lower limb

A
  • external iliac artery
  • femoral artery
  • popliteal artery
  • anterior and posterior tibial arteries
65
Q

main nerves of the lower limb

A
  • femoral nerve
  • sciatic nerve
  • common peroneal (fibular) nerve
  • deep peroneal (fibular) nerve
  • tibial nerve
66
Q

what type of joint is the hip joint?

A

a ball and socket synovial joint

67
Q

which bones are involved in the hip joint?

A

articulation between the head of the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis

68
Q

what is the acetabular labrum?

A
  • a fibrocartilage rim
  • attached to the margin of the acetabulum
  • enhances the depth of the acetabulum
  • acetabular labrum supported by the transverse ligament of the acetabulum
69
Q

mobility of the hip

A
  • does not have such a large range of motion
  • designed to be a stable-weight bearing joint (-> articular capsule thickended into several distinct ligaments
  • bone interlocking -> lower range of movement
  • difficult to dislocate -> man ligaments stabilise it
70
Q

ligaments of the hip joint

A
  • iliofemoral
  • pubofemoral
  • ischiofemoral
71
Q

muscles of the hip joint

A
  • gluteus maximus
  • gluteus medius
  • gluteus minimus
72
Q

additional hip joint muscles

A
  • adductor muscles (very powerful)
  • bisceps femoris muscle (hamstring)
  • semitendinosus muscle (hamstring)
  • semimembranosus muscle (hamstring)
73
Q

movements at the hip jont

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • lateral rotation
  • medial rotation
  • cirumduction
74
Q

which combination of muscles are involved in laterally rotating the hip?

A
  • biceps femoris
  • gluteus maximus
  • deep gluteals
75
Q

what type of joint is the knee joint?

A

modified hinge joint
- 3 joints all combined in one synovial cavity

76
Q

articulations of the knee joint

A

between:
-The lateral condyle of the femur, lateral meniscus, and lateral condyle of the tibia
- The medial condyle of the femur, medial meniscus and medial condyle of the tibia
- The patella and the patellar surface of the femur

77
Q

articulation between femur and tibia

A
  • weight-bearing
  • 2 fibrocartilaginous menisci on each side between femoral condyles and tibia accommodating changes in the shape of the articular surfaces during movement
78
Q

articulation between patella and femur

A
  • allows pull of the quadriceps femoris muscle to be directed anteriorly over the knee to the tibial tuberosity without tenodon wear
79
Q

ligaments of the knee joint

A
  • patellar ligament
  • collateral ligament
  • tibial (medial) collateral ligament
  • fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
  • cruciate ligaments -> anterior and posterior cruciate ligament
80
Q

joints of the knee joint

A
  • lateral tibiofemoral joint (between lateral condyle of femur and lateral condyle of tibia)
  • medial tibiofemoral joint (between medial condyle of femur and same of tibia)
    -> both modifed hinge joints
  • patellofemoral joint (between patella and patella surface of the femur)
    -> planar joint
81
Q

fibrocartilage on tibia

A
  • provide smooth surface
  • lateral & medial meniscus
82
Q

transverse ligament of the knee

A

connects the lateral and medial meniscus

83
Q

what is the role of the collateral ligaments of the knee?

A

prevent side to side movement of the knee

84
Q

lateral and medial patellar retinaculum

A
  • fused tendons of quadriceps muscle
85
Q

patellar ligament

A

strengthens the anterior part of the joint

86
Q

posterior ligaments

A
  • oblique popliteal ligament
  • arcuate popliteal ligament
  • strengthen posterior part of the knee joint
87
Q

2 categorised groups of the knee muscle

A
  • anterior muscle group -> quadricep muscles
  • posterior muscle group -> hamstring muscles
88
Q

quadricep muscles (knee joint)

A
  • rectus femoris
  • vastus lateralis
  • vastus medialis
  • vastus intermedialis
89
Q

hamstring muscles (knee joint)

A
  • semitendinosus
  • semimembranosus
  • biceps femoris
90
Q

movements of the knee

A
  • extension
  • flexion
  • lateral rotation
  • medial rotation
91
Q

when can lateral and medial rotation occur?

A
  • only when the knee is flexed
  • if knee if not flexed, medial/lateral rotation will occur at the hips
92
Q

what type of joint is the ankle joint?

A
  • a hinge synovial joint
  • talocrural joint
  • formed by distal ends of tibia and fibula with the talus
  • strong and stable joint -> due to shapes of the articulating bones, ligamant and tendon strength
93
Q

articulations of the ankle joint

A
  • The distal end of the tibia and its medial malleolus with the talus
  • The lateral malleolus of the fibula with the talus
94
Q

tarsal bones of the foot

A
  • talus
  • calcaneus
  • lateral, intermediate and medial cuneiforms
  • navicular
  • cuboid
95
Q

ligaments of the ankle joint

A
  • medial (delatoid) ligament
  • lateral ligament -> anterior and posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular
96
Q

2 main movements of the ankle

A
  • plantarflexion
  • dorsiflexion
    NOTE: these are the only movements that occur at the ankle joint
    -> eversion and inverison occur at the tarsal joints
97
Q

muscles involved in plantarflexion (extension)

A

muscles in posterior compartment of the leg

  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
  • Plantaris
  • Tibialis posterior (deep to Soleus)
98
Q

dorsiflexion

A

muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg

  • Tibialis anterior
  • Extensor hallucis longus
  • Extensor digitorum longus
99
Q

long bones

A
  • identified by two epiphyses (ends) and diarohysis (shaft)
  • hollow diphysis= stores yellow fat in medullary cavity
  • compact bone = surrounds medullary cavity to form the length of the diaphysis
100
Q

short bones

A
  • approximately equal in length and width
  • made of cortical bone surrounding spongy bone tissue and bone marrow
101
Q

flat bones

A
  • provide structural stability and are important sites for red blood cell production
102
Q

irregular bones

A
  • non-uniform & complex shape
  • do not have easily characterized shape -> do not fit any classification
  • fit together like pieces of a puzzle to work togethr as a functional unit in the spine
103
Q

functions of bone

A
  • support
  • protection
  • assisting in movement
  • storage of minerals
  • red blood cell production
  • storage of chemical energy

human biology (11 decks)

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