joints Flashcards
flexion
decrease the angle between two bones -> bending
extension
increase the angle between two bones -> straightening a bend
abduction
move the body region away from the body´s midline
adduction
move the body region towards the body´s midline
circumduction
combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction that moves the body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region in motion stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle.
medial (internal) roation
a movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body.
lateral (external) rotation
a movement that brings the anterior surface away from the midline.
pronation
to rotate the forearm so the palm faces backward or down.
supination
to rotate the forearm so the palm faces forward or up.
protraction
to move a bone forward without changing the angle.
retraction
to move a bone backward without changing the angle.
depression
to move a body part down
elevation
to move a body part up
what are the bones of the upper limb
- clavicle
- scapula
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpal bones
- phalanges
some joints of the upper limb
- shoulder (glenohumeral) joint
- elbow joint (proximal radiohumeral & Ulnohumeral joints)
- the wrist (radiocarpal) joint
the main arterial blood vessels of the upper limb
- the subclavian artery
- the axillary artery
- the brachial artery
- the radial artery
- the ulnar artery
the main nerves of the upper limb
- axillary nerve
- musculocutaneous nerve
- median nerve
- ulnar nerve
- radial nerve
what type of joint is the shoulder joint?
- a ball and socket joint -> multiaxial
- involves an articulation (where 2 or more bones meet) between the large sherical head of the humerus and the small glenoid cavity of the scapula
what does the gelenoid labrum in the shoulder joint do?
- it slightly deepens and enlarges the glenoid cavity
- it is a narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the glenoid cavity
how is the shoulder joint stabilised?
- by the rotator cuff of muscles
- the long head of biceps brachii muscle
- bony processes & ligaments
bones of the shoulder joint
- clavicle
- scapula
- humerus
clavicle bone
- a long bone
- has a flattened acromial end near the shoulder and a round sternal end near the midline
scapula bone
- flat bone
- important for anchoring muscles of the rotator cuff
- has a bumpy (dorsal) side and a smooth (cotal) side that slides along the ribs
- lateral side has a smooth round indentation known as glenoid fossa -> where it articulates with the humerus
humerus bone
- long bone
- runs from shoulder to elbow
- proximal end articulates with the glenoid fossa of scapula to form the glenohumeral joint / shoulder joint
glenohumeral ligaments
- formed by 3 thickenings of the articular capsule over the anterior surfacer of the joint
- superior, middle, inferior
- extends from the glenoid cavity to the lesser tubercle and anatomical neck of the humerus
transverse humeral ligaments
- thickening of the capsule
- runs between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus
- functions to hold the tendon of the long head of the biceps branchii muscle in the intertubercular sulcus
- anterior
coracohumeral ligament
- extends from the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus
- superior
bursae
cushions the area between the rotator cuff tendons and the acromion
what are the rotator cuff muscles?
- subscapularis muscle
- supraspinatus muscle
- infraspinatus muscle
- teres minor muscle
what do the rotator cuff muscles connect and provide support for?
- connect the scapula to the humerus
- support the glenohumeral joint
movements of the shoulder joint
- extension
- flexion
- abduction
- adduction
- medial rotation
- lateral rotation
- circumduction
what type of joint is the elbow joint?
a complex hinge joint
what are the two articulations between in the elbow joint?
- The trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus
- The head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus
- The rounded distal end of the humerus is divided into two joint processes – the trochlea on the medial side and the capitulum on the lateral side. The trochlea forms a tight joint with the trochlear notch of the ulna. On the lateral side, the head of the radius meets the capitulum of the humerus to complete the elbow joint.
what is the proximal radioulnar joint?
a pivot joint (one articulation)
what is an articulation?
where two or more bones meet
where is the proximal radioulnar joint found?
immediately below the elbow joint
what is the articualtion in the proximal radioulnar joint between?
- The head of radius and the radial notch of the ulna
- The radial head is held in place by the annular ligament, a ring-like ligament that encircles the head of the radius; it holds the head of the radius in the radial notch of the ulna.
what do the anterior arm muscles cause the elbow joint to do?
flex the forearm
where are the anterior arm muscles located?
go from the scapula and humerus and insert onto the anterior radius or ulna
what do the posterior arm muscles cause the elbow joint to do?
extend the forearm
where are the posterior arm muscles located?
from scapula and humerus and insert onto the posterior radius or ulna
movements of the elbow joint
- flexion
- extension
which muscles are involved in the flexion of the forearm?
- biceps brachii
- brachialis
- brachioradialis
which muscles are involved in the extension of the forearm?
- triceps brachii
- anconeus
how is movement at the proximal radioulnar joint produced?
by the head of the radius rotating within the annular ligament -> allows for pronation and supination of the forearm
movements of the proximal radioulnar joint
- pronation
- supination
which muscles are involved in pronation of the forearrm?
- pronator quadratus
- pronator teres
which muscles are involved in supination of the forearm?
- supinator
- biceps brachii
which movement is produced when the radius bone leaves anatomical position and rotates across the ulna?
pronation
wrist joint
- complex joint
- bridges hand to the forearm
- collection of multiple bones
what is the radius?
- a long bone of the forearm
- located on the lateral side
what are carpals?
- 8 cube shaped short bones
- at the most proximal end of the hand that forms the wrist
- as long as they are wide
carpal bone mnemonic
Straight Line To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb =
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform
- Hamate
- Capitate
- Trapezoid
- Trapezium
metacarpals
- 5 long bones that form the palm of the hand
- each associated with a digit
- 5 digits = 4 fingers + pollux (thumb) -> phalanges
phalanges (phalanx)
- long bones
- form the “digits”
primary extrinsic ligaments in the wrist
- Dorsal radiocarpal ligament (between radius and carpal bones)
- Radial collateral ligament (between the radius and scaphoid/trapezium)
- Palmar radiocarpal ligament (between radius and carpal bones)
- Ulnar collateral ligament (between the ulna and triquetrum/pisiform)
movements at the wrist joint
- flexion
- extension
- ulnar deviation (adduction)
- radial deviation (abduction)
how do movements in the wrist occur?
performed by prime mover muscles of the forearem
anterior wrist flexor muscles
- flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) -> flexion and adduction
- flexor carpi radialis (FCR) -> flexion and abduction
- palmaris longus (PL) -> flexion
wrist extension muscles
- extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) -> extension and abduction
- extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) -> extension and abduction
- extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) -> extension and adduction
which muscles help produce wrist abduction?
- flexor carpi radialis
- extensor carpi radialis brevis
- extensor carpi radialis longus
bones of the lower limb
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
- femur
- tibia
- fibula
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
joints of the lower limb
- hip joint
- knee joint
- ankle joint
main arteries of the lower limb
- external iliac artery
- femoral artery
- popliteal artery
- anterior and posterior tibial arteries
main nerves of the lower limb
- femoral nerve
- sciatic nerve
- common peroneal (fibular) nerve
- deep peroneal (fibular) nerve
- tibial nerve
what type of joint is the hip joint?
a ball and socket synovial joint
which bones are involved in the hip joint?
articulation between the head of the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis
what is the acetabular labrum?
- a fibrocartilage rim
- attached to the margin of the acetabulum
- enhances the depth of the acetabulum
- acetabular labrum supported by the transverse ligament of the acetabulum
mobility of the hip
- does not have such a large range of motion
- designed to be a stable-weight bearing joint (-> articular capsule thickended into several distinct ligaments
- bone interlocking -> lower range of movement
- difficult to dislocate -> man ligaments stabilise it
ligaments of the hip joint
- iliofemoral
- pubofemoral
- ischiofemoral
muscles of the hip joint
- gluteus maximus
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
additional hip joint muscles
- adductor muscles (very powerful)
- bisceps femoris muscle (hamstring)
- semitendinosus muscle (hamstring)
- semimembranosus muscle (hamstring)
movements at the hip jont
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- lateral rotation
- medial rotation
- cirumduction
which combination of muscles are involved in laterally rotating the hip?
- biceps femoris
- gluteus maximus
- deep gluteals
what type of joint is the knee joint?
modified hinge joint
- 3 joints all combined in one synovial cavity
articulations of the knee joint
between:
-The lateral condyle of the femur, lateral meniscus, and lateral condyle of the tibia
- The medial condyle of the femur, medial meniscus and medial condyle of the tibia
- The patella and the patellar surface of the femur
articulation between femur and tibia
- weight-bearing
- 2 fibrocartilaginous menisci on each side between femoral condyles and tibia accommodating changes in the shape of the articular surfaces during movement
articulation between patella and femur
- allows pull of the quadriceps femoris muscle to be directed anteriorly over the knee to the tibial tuberosity without tenodon wear
ligaments of the knee joint
- patellar ligament
- collateral ligament
- tibial (medial) collateral ligament
- fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
- cruciate ligaments -> anterior and posterior cruciate ligament
joints of the knee joint
- lateral tibiofemoral joint (between lateral condyle of femur and lateral condyle of tibia)
- medial tibiofemoral joint (between medial condyle of femur and same of tibia)
-> both modifed hinge joints - patellofemoral joint (between patella and patella surface of the femur)
-> planar joint
fibrocartilage on tibia
- provide smooth surface
- lateral & medial meniscus
transverse ligament of the knee
connects the lateral and medial meniscus
what is the role of the collateral ligaments of the knee?
prevent side to side movement of the knee
lateral and medial patellar retinaculum
- fused tendons of quadriceps muscle
patellar ligament
strengthens the anterior part of the joint
posterior ligaments
- oblique popliteal ligament
- arcuate popliteal ligament
- strengthen posterior part of the knee joint
2 categorised groups of the knee muscle
- anterior muscle group -> quadricep muscles
- posterior muscle group -> hamstring muscles
quadricep muscles (knee joint)
- rectus femoris
- vastus lateralis
- vastus medialis
- vastus intermedialis
hamstring muscles (knee joint)
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
- biceps femoris
movements of the knee
- extension
- flexion
- lateral rotation
- medial rotation
when can lateral and medial rotation occur?
- only when the knee is flexed
- if knee if not flexed, medial/lateral rotation will occur at the hips
what type of joint is the ankle joint?
- a hinge synovial joint
- talocrural joint
- formed by distal ends of tibia and fibula with the talus
- strong and stable joint -> due to shapes of the articulating bones, ligamant and tendon strength
articulations of the ankle joint
- The distal end of the tibia and its medial malleolus with the talus
- The lateral malleolus of the fibula with the talus
tarsal bones of the foot
- talus
- calcaneus
- lateral, intermediate and medial cuneiforms
- navicular
- cuboid
ligaments of the ankle joint
- medial (delatoid) ligament
- lateral ligament -> anterior and posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular
2 main movements of the ankle
- plantarflexion
- dorsiflexion
NOTE: these are the only movements that occur at the ankle joint
-> eversion and inverison occur at the tarsal joints
muscles involved in plantarflexion (extension)
muscles in posterior compartment of the leg
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Plantaris
- Tibialis posterior (deep to Soleus)
dorsiflexion
muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor hallucis longus
- Extensor digitorum longus
long bones
- identified by two epiphyses (ends) and diarohysis (shaft)
- hollow diphysis= stores yellow fat in medullary cavity
- compact bone = surrounds medullary cavity to form the length of the diaphysis
short bones
- approximately equal in length and width
- made of cortical bone surrounding spongy bone tissue and bone marrow
flat bones
- provide structural stability and are important sites for red blood cell production
irregular bones
- non-uniform & complex shape
- do not have easily characterized shape -> do not fit any classification
- fit together like pieces of a puzzle to work togethr as a functional unit in the spine
functions of bone
- support
- protection
- assisting in movement
- storage of minerals
- red blood cell production
- storage of chemical energy
