Tissue structure

Question 1

Skin layers

Answer 1

1. Epidermis
   Stratified squamous keratinized cells
2. Dermis
   Dense irregular CT (contains hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands) - contains most collagen
3. Hypodermis
   Loose CT + adipose tissue

Question 2

Epidermis structure

Answer 2

Stratified squamous keratinized cells

Question 3

Sweat glands structure

Answer 3

Simple or stratified cuboidal cells
Sweat duct = stains darker
Sweat glands = stain lighter.

Question 4

Endothelial cells

Answer 4

Type of epithelial cell that lines cavities of circulatory system i.e. blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

Question 5

Proximal vs distal convoluted tubules (kidney)

Answer 5

Proximal :
Larger diameter, irregular lumen.
Columnar/cuboidal cells with brush border (microvilli) → appear fuzzy.
More eosinophilic (pink-stained cytoplasm) due to mitochondria.
Fewer nuclei visible as cells are larger.

Distal:
Smaller diameter, more regular round lumen.
Lack of brush border, appearing clearer.
Less eosinophilic cytoplasm.
More nuclei per section, as cells are smaller

Question 6

Bile duct

Answer 6

Found in portal triad
Cuboidal to columnar epithelial lining
Small, round lumen compared to hepatic artery

Question 7

Arteries vs Veins

Answer 7

Arteries:
Thicker walls due to prominent smooth muscle layers.
Smaller lumen.
Well-defined muscle layer.
Intact endothelium with clear elastic lamina.

Veins:
Thinner walls, less smooth muscle.
Larger, collapsed lumen (irregular in shape).
Valves may be visible, especially in larger veins.

Question 8

Collagen fibres

Answer 8

Protein fibres found throughout body
Provides strength + cushioning.
5 types

Question 9

Type I Collagen

Answer 9

Thick fibres
Most collagen

Question 10

Type II Collagen

Answer 10

Thin fibres, cartilage

Question 11

Type III collagen

Answer 11

Reticulin fibres
Stained with Gordans & Sweets stain (black)
Locations:
Bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes
Stroma of liver.
Basement membranes.
In dermis + around capillaries.
Blood vessels.

Question 12

Type IV Collagen

Answer 12

Found in basement membrane
- found in glomerulus BM (kidney)
- found in lungs (alveoli)
- found in skin.
- found in capillaries + endothelial BM (blood vessels).

Question 13

Type VII Collagen

Answer 13

Anchors basement membrane to connective tissue

Question 16

What is the outermost layer of the skin called?

Answer 16

Epidermis

Question 17

True or False: The dermis is located beneath the epidermis.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What type of epithelium is the epidermis primarily composed of?

Answer 18

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 19

Fill in the blank: The primary cell type found in the epidermis is __________.

Answer 19

Keratinocyte

Question 20

What is the function of melanocytes in the skin?

Answer 20

To produce melanin, which gives skin its color.

Question 21

Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels and nerves?

Answer 21

Dermis

Question 22

What is the main function of the renal corpuscle in the kidney?

Answer 22

Filtration of blood to form urine.

Question 23

True or False: The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What are the two main components of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 24

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

Question 25

What type of epithelium lines the renal tubules?

Answer 25

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 26

In the liver, what is the functional unit called?

Answer 26

Lobule

Question 27

What type of cells are primarily found in the hepatic lobules?

Answer 27

Hepatocytes

Question 28

Fill in the blank: The liver produces __________, which is important for digestion.

Answer 28

Bile

Question 29

What is the role of Kupffer cells in the liver?

Answer 29

They act as macrophages to remove pathogens and debris.

Question 30

True or False: Alveoli are the sites of gas exchange in the lungs.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What type of epithelium is found in the alveoli?

Answer 31

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 32

What is the function of the surfactant produced in the lungs?

Answer 32

To reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse.

Question 33

What is the primary function of the intestines?

Answer 33

Digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Question 34

Which part of the intestine is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption?

Answer 34

Small intestine

Question 35

What type of epithelium lines the intestines?

Answer 35

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 36

True or False: The large intestine is mainly involved in water absorption.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Fill in the blank: The circular folds in the small intestine that increase surface area are called __________.

Answer 37

Plicae circulares

Question 38

What are villi and where are they found?

Answer 38

Finger-like projections found in the small intestine.

Question 39

What is the primary role of goblet cells in the intestines?

Answer 39

To secrete mucus for lubrication.

Question 40

Which layer of the skin contains adipose tissue?

Answer 40

Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

Question 41

What structure connects the renal pelvis to the bladder?

Answer 41

Ureter

Question 42

Fill in the blank: The liver is located in the __________ quadrant of the abdomen.

Answer 42

Right upper

Question 43

What is the main function of the renal tubules?

Answer 43

Reabsorption and secretion of substances in urine formation.