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ATI TEAS Exam Prep > Tissue Organization > Flashcards

Tissue Organization Flashcards

1
Q

List the 4 tissue types

A

epithelium, connective, muscular, nervous

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2
Q

where can epithelial tissue be found in the body?

what does epithelial tissue do

A

covering body surfaces

linings of body cavities

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3
Q

which tissue forms the majority of glands?

A

epithelial

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4
Q

Name and describe characteristics of epithelium

A

cellularity - made of tightly packed cells
polarity - has an apical surface and a basal surface
attached to a basement membrane
avascular- no blood vessels
extensive innervation
high regeneration capacity - apical surface exposed to enviornment= constant trauma/loss of cells; frequent mitosis in basal level

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5
Q

list functions of epithelial tissue

A

physical protection
selective permeability
secrets and excretes
sensation

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6
Q

How is epithelial tissue classified?

A

two-part name
layers - simple, stratified, pseudostratified
shape of cells (at apical surface) - squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

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7
Q

describe the relationship between structure and function of simple vs stratified epithelium

A

simple - better for diffusion, absorption, and secretion because only one layer
stratified - more layers = better protection function

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8
Q 
list some locations for the following 
simple squamous 
simple cuboidal
simple columnar
pseudostratified (+/- cilia) 
stratified squamous (+/- keratin)
strat cuboidal 
strat columnar 
strat transitional
A 
lung air sacs
kidney tubules
stomach
trachea
skin, esophagus
rare- ducts of glands
rare - pharynx, urethra
bladder
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9
Q

how do exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands?
structure, function, secretions
give an example of each
what is a unicellular gland?

A

exocrine - lack ducts, secrete into blood or interstitial fluid; ex. thyroid
endocrine - connected to epithelial surface via duct; ex. sebaceous glands, mammary glands, salivary glands;
exocrine gland - close to epithelium surface; ex. goblet cell secrets mucus

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10
Q

list the types of connective tissue

A

proper (ligaments, tendons, body fat)
cartilage
bone
blood

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11
Q

what makes up the connective tissue matrix?

A

cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

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12
Q

what is the most important ground substance molecules? and why

A

Glycos-aminos-glycans (GAGs)
molecules are negatively charged and hydrophilic which attracts H2O; can hold H2O molecules = makes CT range from a fluid to a solid

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13
Q

what is a fibroblast? List the three sizes

A

resident cell in CT; most abundant in CiT proper; produces fibers and ground substance
collagen, elastic, and reticular

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14
Q

what is caused by Vitamin C deficiency with symptoms of weakness, gum ulceration, hemorrhages, and abnormal bone growth; how does collagen fit into this diagnosis

A

scurvy
collagen supports and strengths most tissues
vitamin C is needed to make healthy collagen fibers

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15
Q

What are the 2 kinds of cells that are present in CT?

A

resident cells = stationary cells specific to each CT type

wandering cells = WBCs

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16
Q

what are some wandering cells present in CT?

What are some of their functions?

A

mast cells - secrete heparin and histamine to dilate blood vessels
plasma cells - make antibodies
free macrophages - phagocytic cells
other leukocytes

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17
Q

describe collagen fibers

A

strong, flexible, resistant to stretching
can be found in tendons and ligaments
white in fresh tissue

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18
Q

describe elastic fibers

A

have wavy branching fibers = protein called elastin
easily stretch and recoil = help structures return to normal shape after stretching
found in skin, lungs, arteries

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19
Q

describe reticular fibers

A

thinner than collagen

form branching interwoven framework

20
Q

what is ground substance?

A

this is where fibers and cells live
made by CT cells
can be viscous, semisolid or solid

21
Q

what molecules make up ground substance

A

GAGs, proteoglycans, adherent glycoproteins

22
Q

Name the resident cell of cartilage

A

chondrocyte

23
Q

list the types of cartilage

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

24
Q

Hyaline cartilage - list some characteristics and locations

A

most common and abundant
has no fibers
thick collagen
greatest strength and most flexible
tip of nose, trachea, intercostal of ribs
support and makes up most of fetal skeleton

25
Q

fibrocartilage

A

parallel collagen fibers
resists compression and shock absorber
found in menisci of knee joints, intravertebral discs

26
Q

elastic cartilage

A

maintains shape while allowing for lots of flexibility
lots of elastic fibers web like mesh
ear, epiglottis of larynx

27
Q

what cell makes up bone

A

osteocytes

28
Q

define periosteum

A

outer covering of bone, made up of dense irregular CT

29
Q

what are the 2 types of bone

A

spongy - interior, non-weight bearing

compact/cortical - exterior, hard

30
Q

List some functions of bone

A 
support tissues 
protect vital organs 
provide levers for movement 
store minerals such as Ca
house hemopoietic cells
31
Q

what are some functions of spongy bone?

A

store fat, make RBCs/WBCs/platelets

32
Q

list the types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

33
Q

where can nervous tissue be found?

A

within brain, spinal cord, and nerves

34
Q

define neurons and glial cells

A

neurons - receive transmit and process electrical signals

glial cells - do not transmit signals

35
Q

what is the function of glial cells?

A

support protect and provide nutrients for neurons

36
Q

define organs

A

structure made of 2 or more tissue types
work together to perform specific functions
usually has all 4 tissue types

37
Q

define a body membrane

A

formed from epithelial tissue connected to underlying CT aka simple organ
only has 2 tissues

38
Q

list the function of body membranes

A

line body cavities
cover viscera
cover body’s external surface

39
Q

what are the 4 types of body membranes

A

mucous
serous
cutaneous
synovial

40
Q

describe mucous membranes

A

line parts that are open to external environment
urinary, respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts
usually covered in a layer of mucus

41
Q

what do serous membranes line?

A

body cavities not open to external environment

42
Q

define hypertrophy

A

increase in SIZE of existing cells

43
Q

define hyperplasia

A

increase in NUMBER of cells of a tissue

44
Q

deine atrophy

A

shrinkage of tissue by decrease in cell number OR size due to lack of use

45
Q

define necrosis

A

tissue death due to irreversible tissue damage

ATI TEAS Exam Prep (11 decks)

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