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ATI TEAS Exam Prep > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of bone? describe

A

cortical/compact bone - weight bearing; has osteons

spongy bone - has holes/porous; NOT weight bearing; deep to compact bone

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2
Q

List some functions of Bone

A

support and protection
movement
hemopoiesis
storage - calcium and phosphate and fat

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3
Q

How are bones classified? List the 4 classes of bone

A

classified by shape

  1. long bones - longer than width ex. limbs
  2. short bones - length almost = width ex. carpal bones of wrist/tarsal bones of foot
  3. flat bones - flat thin surfaces, may be slightly curved ex. ribs, sternum, scapulae, some of the cranial bones
  4. irregular bones ex. vertebrae
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4
Q

what are the two sesamoid bones that are counted as proper bones?

A

patella and pisiform

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5
Q

name and describe the regions/anatomy of long bones

A

epiphysis - proximal/distal ends; attached to articular cartilage
diaphysis - cylindrical shaft in middle
medullary cavity - hollow space in middle of diaphysis; bone marrow storage

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6
Q

what is the epiphyseal plate?

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage for continued lengthwise bone growth
becomes the epiphyseal LINE in adults when growth ends

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7
Q

What is the periosteum? describe its anatomy

A

outer surface of bone
2 layers
- fibrous layer outer
-inner cellular layer - osteoprogenitor cells (stem cells), osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
attached to bone by perforating fibers (collagen)

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8
Q

what is the endosteum? describe anatomy and list the cells it houses

A

covers internal surfaces of LONG bones w/in medullary cavity
contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

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9
Q

what is the nutrient foramen(foramina)? what is it’s significance?

A

small opening in bone for veins, arteries, and nerves

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10
Q

what is the spongy bone in the cranial flat bones called?

A

Diploë

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11
Q

List the 4 bone cells. describe them

A

osteoprogenitor cells - stem cells tht become osteoblasts
osteoblasts - make and secrete osteoid (organic part of matrix)
osteocytes - mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts ; maintain bone matrix
osteoclasts - break down bone to increase blood Ca++ levels

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12
Q

what are the 2 parts of bone matrix? how does each contribute to the characteristics of bone?

A

organic component = osteoid => collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins; made by osteoblasts; gives bone flexibility
inorganic = minerals => calcium phosphate makes hydroxyapatite crystals around collagen, which gives bones its rigidity

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13
Q

name the process in which new bone is formed

A

ossification

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14
Q

what are the 2 types of ossification? how do they differ

A

intramembranous - only in flat bones of cranium, some facial bones, mandible and clavicle
endochondral - starts with hyaline cartilage fetal model; makes most bones of skeleton; upper/lower limbs; pelvis and vertebrae

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15
Q

where does primary/secondary ossification centers form during endochondral ossification?

A

primary - diaphysis

secondary - epiphysis

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16
Q

during endochondral ossification, almost all cartilage is replaced by bone expect for…?

A

articular cartilage where joints articulate and epiphyseal plates

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17
Q

what is required for healthy bone formation>

A

vitamin C - collagen formation
vitamin D - calcium absorption
calcium and phosphate = calcification

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18
Q

at what part of the bone does continuous bone remodeling occur?

A

periosteal and endosteal surfaces

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19
Q

what can effect bone remodeling

A

mechanical stress or lack of mech. stress - weight bearing movement/exercise
hormones - GH, Thyroid hormones sex hormones calcium regulators

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20
Q

what 2 primary hormones regulate blood Ca++

A

parathyroid hormone, calcitriol
elevate blood Ca++ to normal range
regulated via negative feedback

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21
Q

what is blood Ca++ needed for>

A

muscle contraction, nervous system, stimulation of heart, blood clotting

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22
Q

How does calcitonin effect blood Ca++

A

lowers blood Ca++; stimulates kidneys to lose calcium in urine; inhibits osteoclast activity in bone

23
Q

what causes Rickets? list some common symptoms

A

vitamin D deficiency in childhood
lack of calcification of osteoid
bowlegged
slow growth

24
Q

what does hypocalcemia cause

A

Tetany

25
Q

define osteopenia

A

osteoblast activity declining

occurs in all people with age early as 35-40

26
Q

define osteoporosis

A

reduced bone mass = comprised normal function

occurs mostly in older women

27
Q

list and define the types of bone fractures

A

pathologic - from weaken bone due to disease
simple - broken bone doesn’t penetrate skin
compound - one or both ends piercing overlying skin
comminuted - several small pieces btwn main fragments (fragments = no blood supply -> can become necrotic if bacteria is present)

28
Q

what are the 4 steps of bone fracture repair

A

fracture hematoma forms from clotted blood
fibrocartilaginous callus forms
hard bony callus forms
bone = remodeled

29
Q

what are the 3 structural classifications of joints

A

fibrous - immovable; no joint cavity; connected by dense regular CT proper ex. skull sutures
cartilaginous - no joint cavity, ex. intervertebral articulations
synovial - fluid filled cavity; free movement; bones attached by ligaments ex. elbow joint

30
Q

list the functional classification of joints

A

synarthrosis - immobile can be fibrous or cartilaginous ex. tooth to jaw
amphiarthrosis - slightly mobile; can be fibrous or cartilaginous ex. articulation btwn tibia and fibula
diarthrosis - freely mobile; ALL synovial joints ex. knee joint

31
Q

describe the relationship btwn mobility and stability of joints

A

inverse relationship - more mobility = less stability of joint
less mobility = more stability

32
Q

what are the 3 most common fibrous joints

A

gomphoses (tooth attached to jaw)
sutures btwn skull
btwn radius and ulna

33
Q

list the basic features of a synovial joint

A 
articular capsule 
articular cartilage 
joint/ synovial cavity 
synovial fluid 
ligaments, nerves, blood vessels
34
Q

where are synovial joints usually located

A

where any two long bones meet ex. humerus to ulna or proximal phalanx to metatarsal (remember a long bone is any bone longer than it is wide)

35
Q

Name/describe the 2 layers of the joint/articular capsule

A

outer- fibrous layer formed by dense CT; strengthens joints to prevent bones being pulled apart
inner - synovial membrane made of areolar CT; covers all internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage; makes synovial fluid (fills synovial cavity)

36
Q

what are some functions of articular cartilage?

A

reduce friction during movement
act as cushion to absorb joint compression
prevent damage to articulating ends of bones

37
Q

which cartilage makes up articular cartilage? what characteristic of this cartilage is significant when damage occurs?

A

hyaline cartilage

avascular = no blood vessels = slower healing time

38
Q

what are the functions of synovial fluid

A

lubricates articulating surfaces
nourish chondrocytes
remove wastes
acts as shock absorber

39
Q

what are some characteristics of a healthy joint in terms of synovial fluid appearance?

A

fluid should be clear and thick

cloudy = infection

40
Q

describe a ligament

A

made of regular CT
connects one BONE to another BONE
stabilizes, strengthens, and reinforces most synovial joints
found in surrounding tissue not inside cavity

41
Q

Describe the role of blood vessels and sensory nerves in synovial joints

A

innervate and supply articular capsule and ligaments
detect painful stimuli in joint
report movement and stretch w/in joint

42
Q

what is a tendon? how does it differ from a ligament

A

made of dense regular CT
attach MUSCLE to BONE
help stabilize joints and sometimes limit range of movement allowed at a joint

43
Q

define bursa

A

fibrous saclike structure tht has synovial fluid

found where bones, ligaments, muscles, skins, tendons rub together

44
Q

define tendon sheath

A

elongated bursa
wraps around tendons where excessive friction may occur
common in wrist and ankle

45
Q

list the classification of synovial joints from least to most mobile

A 
plane 
hinge
pivot 
condylar
saddle 
ball-and-socket
46
Q

define flexion

A

movement in an anterior-posterior plane
decreases angle btwn bones
ex. bending finger toward palm

47
Q

define extension

A

increase angle btw articulating bones

48
Q

describe the gleno-humoral joint

A

ball and socket joint
greatest range of motion of any joint in body
most unstable
gets joint strength from rotator cuff muscles

49
Q

describe the hip joint

A

articulation btwn head of femur and acetabulum of os coxae
gets stability from deep bony socket, strong articular capsule, muscular padding
possible movements = flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction

50
Q

what 2 articulations make up the knee joint

A

tibio-femoral joint

patella-femoral joint

51
Q

what type of synovial joint is the knee joint

A

hinge joitn

52
Q

name the 2 menisci of the knee joint

A

medial meniscus and lateral meniscus
made of fibrocartilage
c-shaped pads
partially stabilize joint medially and laterally
deep to articular capsule on condyles of tibia

53
Q

name the 2 cruciate ligaments

A

limit anterior/posterior movement of femur on tibia
anterior cruciate ligament - prevents hyperextension
posterior cruciate ligament - prevents hyper flexion and prevents posterior displacement of tibia on femur

54
Q

define rheumatic arthritis

A

a disease causing damage to articular cartilage (autoimmune)

ATI TEAS Exam Prep (11 decks)

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