Respiratory System

Question 1

Functions of the upper respiratory tract

Answer 1

receive air and filter/condition air

Question 2

upper respiratory tract organs

Answer 2

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx

Question 3

functions of lower respiratory tract

Answer 3

transport and gas exchange

Question 4

organs of lower respiratory tract

Answer 4

larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs

Question 5

nose characteristics related to function

Answer 5

nostrils lined with hair, take in air and trap large particles

Question 6

nasal cavity function and features

Answer 6

conditions air y adding moisture and bring it to body temperature
nasal conchae trap particles and increase surface area
mucous membrane trap particles and adds moisture to air

Question 7

Sinuses : functions and characteristics

Answer 7

have mucous secretions
help w/ sound quality
help reduce weight of skull

Question 8

pharynx

Answer 8

functions: helps in speech production, aids in transport, shared passageway btwn respiratory and digestive system

Question 9

what are the 3 regions of the pharynx

Answer 9

nasopharynx - nasal cavity enter the top of the pharynx
oropharynx - behind oral cavity
larynopharynx - pharynx connects to larynx

Question 10

larynx functions

structure

Answer 10

functions: air transport, keeps foreign objects out of trachea
3 large unpaired cartilages and 2 small unpaired cartilages
- thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic
-arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

Question 11

trachea structure

Answer 11

flexible cylindrical tube, lined in a mucus membrane (mucus escalator)
made of C shaped cartilages to prevent collapse and allow for expansion

Question 12

bronchial tree structure

Answer 12

main bronchi - lobar bronchi 3 on right/2 on left - segmental bronchi - terminal bronchiole - respiratory bronchiole – alveolar duct - alveolar sac

Question 13

bronchial tree tube function

Answer 13

transport w/ very little filtration

Question 14

alveoli function

Answer 14

gas exchange; give lungs larger surface area

Question 15

lungs structure

Answer 15

soft and spongy
right - 3 lobes
left -2 lobes (heart takes up space)

Question 16

define ventilation

Answer 16

combination of inspiration and exhalation

diaphragm - muscle used in ventilation

Question 17

inspiration

Answer 17

increase volume of lungs - pressure decreases

Question 18

exhalation

Answer 18

decrease volume of lungs - pressure rises

Question 19

list some other air movements, define

Answer 19

coughing - removes substance from trachea, involuntary
sneezing - remove substance from nasal cavity
laugh/cry - breath released in series of short expirations used to express emotions, generally voluntary
hiccup - diaphragm spasm
yawn

Question 20

how is ventilation controlled?

Answer 20

controlled by respiratory areas in brain, groups of neurons that adjust breathing to meet the body’s needs

Question 21

Define Medullary Respiratory center and VRG/DRG

Answer 21

respiratory area in brain
ventral respiratory group - sets basic breathing rhythm
dorsal respiratory group - stimulates inspiratory muscles

Question 22

alveolar pores

Answer 22

gaps in membranes that connect alveoli; allow air to pass btwn alveoli

Question 23

alveoli:
type 1 cells
type II cells

Answer 23

make up alveoli membranes; simple squamous epithelial

secrete surfactant; reduces surface tension; prevents collapse

Question 24

alveolar macrophages

Answer 24

phagocytotic cells remove debris

Question 25

what does the oxygen saturation curve measure

Answer 25

how much O2 is bound to hemoglobin

Question 26

what factors effect O2 saturation curve?

Answer 26

CO2 - if increased– curve decreases bc O2 will want to move into tissues/other parts of body
temperature - if lower temp then curve decreases due to same reasons as CO2
pH - if pH decreases then curve will decrease

Question 27

what are the 3 ways CO2 is transported?

Answer 27

1. dissolved w/in blood
2. carbaminohemoglobin –CO2 attaches to an amine group on hemoglobin
3. bicarbonate ion –70% of CO2 transported this way