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ATI TEAS Exam Prep > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Blood circulation

what are the 2 main circuits? Describe both

A

Pulmonary - de-O2 from heart -> lungs -> back to heart

systemic - O2 blood from heart -> body drop off O2 -> pick up CO2 -> back to heart

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2
Q

name the pericardial layers of the heart and related function (superficial to deep)

A

fibrous - connected to diaphragm
parietal - contains fluid to reduce friction
visceral - touches heart wall

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3
Q

list the heart wall layers

A

epicardium - outermost; made of connective tissue
myocardium - made of cardiac muscle; thickest layer
endocardium - innermost, smoothest layer, continuous w/ blood vessel lining; allows blood to flow easily

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4
Q

Blood flow path through the heart

A

heart, venae cavae (superior/inferior), right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries to lungs, pulmonary capillaries (gas exchange), pulmonary veins to heart, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, body, back to heart

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5
Q

describe the atria (chambers) of the heart

A

top chambers, R & L, have thin walls bc not under pressure (only receive blood)
R&L are separated by interatrial septum

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6
Q

describe the structure of the ventricles
Describe structural differences between right and left ventricles and why these differences occur

How are the two ventricles separated?

A

thicker walls bc push blood out thus under more pressure
right - smaller and thinner; push blood out to lungs
left - larger, thicker, push blood out to body so more effort is required

separated via interventricular septum

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7
Q

what do the atriaventricular valves separate?
describe and name the 2 AV valves
define cardiac skeleton and it’s function

A

separate atria and ventricles
Right - tricuspid valve = 3 cusps Left- bicuspid/mitral valve
made up of chordae tendinae and papillary muscles - support and open/close valves

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8
Q

what do semilunar valves do?

name both semilunar valves and describe their structure

A

control movement of blood out of heart
pulmonary and aortic
- have 3 cusps so cardiac skeleton is not required

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9
Q

which arteries supply the heart with blood?

how does the heart get supplied w/ blood?

A

coronary arteries

through relaxation

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10
Q

define anatomoses

what is their significance?

A

connections btwn blood vessels to allow for multiple pathways for blood to reach target organ
in case of obstruction, other pathways for blood to flow

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11
Q

what are the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle and what occurs in each phase?

A

Systole - contraction

diastole - relaxation

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12
Q

list the steps of the cardiac cycle and describe each step

A

Atrial systole - atria contract, fill ventricles (AV valves = open)
atrial diastole begins - atria relax and remain relaxed until next cardiac cycle
ventricular systole early - ventricles contract while AV valves close, semilunar valves are still closed which means blood cannot move thus allowing pressure to build AKA isoduretic contraction
Ventricular systole late - pressure builds, opening semilunar valves and blood is ejected (ventricular ejection) ventricular diastole - ventricles relax, semilunar valves close, atria fill w/ blood while AV valves are closed

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13
Q

what unique feature does cardiac muscle have? describe

what does this feature allow to heart to do? what is the benefit of this feature?

A

intercalated discs connect cardiac muscle cells
- gap junctions = allow ions/action potentials to move btwn cells
-desmosomes = anchor cells together, preventing cell separation
allow all cardiac muscle cells to contract/relax at same time AKA functional syncytium = more force to push blood out

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14
Q

describe Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

pacemaker that sets heart rate (HR)

-pacemaker cells conduct electrical impulses via spontaneous depolarization

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15
Q

describe AV node

A

has pacemaker cells, doesn’t set HR

- can maintain HR at lower rate if there’s damage to SA node

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16
Q

what do purkinje fibers trigger?

A

ventricular systole

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17
Q

define EKG

A

electrocardiogram - shows electrical changes in heart

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18
Q

define arrhythmia

A

abnormal EKG

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19
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic NS have on HR

A

decreases HR via vagal nerves

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20
Q

what effect does the sympathetic NS have on HR

A

increases HR and force of contraction

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21
Q

what happens if the vagal nerves are cut?

A

HR increases

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22
Q

define cardiac output (CO)

A

volume of blood that leaves ventricles each minute

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23
Q

what information is needed to find CO

A

HR and stroke volume (SV)

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24
Q

define stroke volume

A

amount of blood that leaves ventricles each CYCLE

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25
How does changing CO affect blood pressure?
lower CO = decrease BP | higher CO = increase BP
26
what are chronotropic agents? | Postive vs. Negative
factors that change HR postive = increase negative = decrease
27
what is end-diastolic volume?
amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
28
what is end-systolic volume?
amount of blood left after contraction
29
how is SV found?
SV = EDV - ESV | *factors that influence SV actual influence EDV/ESV
30
define venous return and how it affects SV
volume of blood returning to heart, determines EDV - pre-load is the stretching of the heart wall due to load (how much blood do you have); greater volume - greater preload - larger SV = larger CO
31
define inotropic agents
external factors that change SV by altering force of contraction (contractibility) negative - decrease positive - increase
32
define afterload
resistance in arteries | - more resistance = less blood entering ventricles = smaller EDV = smaller SV
33
define edema
accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces surrounding cells
34
list the 5 types of blood vessels
``` arteries - carry blood away from heart arterioles - smaller diameter capillaries - site of gas exchange veins- carry blood back to heart venules - smaller diameter ```
35
List and describe the 3 tunics of blood vessels
tunica interna - lines lumen, smooth for blood flow ease (touches blood) tunica media - smooth muscle layer, responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation tunica externa - anchors vessels, mostly connective tissue
36
What are some characteristics of arteries? how do they relate to its function?
strong and elastic | - under lots of pressure bc carries blood away
37
What are the 3 classes of arteries? describe structure and how it relates to function of each
1. elastic - contain lots of elastic fibers, under greatest amount of pressure, ex. Aorta 2. muscular - not as many elastic fibers, sill strong 3. arterioles - smaller in diameter (lose some of tunica media), thick tunica media = keep structure when blood's removed
38
What are some characteristics of capillaries? | How does this relate to function
smallest diameter, very thin only composed of endothelium (tunica Interna) thinner membranes allow for faster diffusion of gases (function = gas exchange)
39
What are the 3 types of capillaries? describe structure, features, and how they relate to function. give example of locations w/in body
continuous - no space btwn cells, continuous membrane; locations - smooth cardiac/skeletal muscle fenestrated - small pores in membrane, increases permeability; locations - endocrine organs/kidneys sinusoid - large gaps btwn cells = increase permeability; locations - spleen, liver, bone marrow
40
describe veins/venules
thin tunica media/thick tunica externa = if blood is removed, vein will collapse bc structure is lost contains valves which keep blood from moving back to heart, ex. lower extremities, valves keep blood from pooling in feet can serve as blood reservoirs
41
what is the circulatory pathway of blood vessels?
artery, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, heart
42
what are some alternative pathways for blood vessels?
anastomoses - join vessels portal system - allow blood to move directly btwn capillary beds EX. hepatic portal system connect digestive organs to liver
43
what is capillary exchange?
a vital combination of diffusion, filtration, and osmosis
44
where does filtration occur in capillary exchange
along the capillary
45
On what end of the capillary does reabsorption occur? venous end or artery end
venous end
46
define blood pressure
measurement of systolic / diastolic pressure | force of blood pushing against vessel walls
47
where is BP usually taken? what is considered a normal BP? where is pulse taken?
taken at brachial 120/80 radial artery
48
define blood volume and what is the average in L | how does it effect BP
sum of formed elements and plasma volumes in vascular system, average 5L based on body size higher blood volume = higher BP lower = lower BP
49
define peripheral resistance | how does it effect BP
friction btwn blood and blood vessel walls larger diameter = less resistance = lower BP small diameter = more resistance = higher BP longer vessel = more resistance shorter = less resistance
50
How does vasoconstriction and vasodilation effect BP?
``` vasoconstriction = increase BP vasodilation = decrease BP ```
51
how does blood viscosity effect BP
viscosity = thickness which effects blood flow ease higher viscosity = more resistance = higher BP lower viscosity= less = lower BP
52
How is BP regulated in the short term
via neural regulation (autonomic NS) 2 cardiovascular centers in medulla - cardiac center: responsible for CO; parasympathetic = increased HR/SV/CO = increased BP; sympathetic = decreased HR/SV/CO = lower BP -vasomotor center controls vasodilation and vasoconstriction; if BP increases -- dilation; decreases --constriction
53
describe long term regulation of BP
via hormone regulation - angiotensin II = vasoconstrictor, stimulates thirst center, also stimulates ADH and aldosterone - ADH decreases urine output - aldosterone - increases Na+ absorption --maintain H2O and blood volume - atrial natriuretic peptide - released from heart, used to lower BP by stimulating vasodilation and increasing urine output
54
what is Hypovolemic shock?
caused by severe blood/fluid loss blood vessels constrict to increase BP temporarily HR will increase; if fluid loss continues -- sharp drop in BP--heart goes into shock = fatal
55
list some functions of blood
transport O2, nutrients, wastes, hormones aid in defense via WBCs distribute body heat help maintain ion concentrations in tissue fluid
56
what are the two main components of blood?
formed elements - WBCs, RBCs, platelets | plasma -mostly water
57
list some characteristic of blood
temp about 100.4 degrees F 5x more viscous than H2O slightly alkaline
58
where are blood cells made
red bone marrow from hematopoietic cells
59
what are the 2 types of hematopoietic (stem) cells? What blood cells do they make?
myeloid stem cells - RBCs, platelets, most WBCs | lymphoid - lymphocytes (WBC)
60
what are some characteristics of erythrocytes? | main function?
small, biconcave shape, make up 1/3 of the trillion body cells, large surface area = more room for diffusion and hold more hemoglobin flexible = move through narrow spaces cannot repair/reproduce transport O2
61
what is hemoglobin?
pigment protein made of 4 chains, each chain has heme unit that hold iron and where O2 binds
62
What is the function of leukocytes (WBCs)? what are some of their properties?
function = defense - diapedsis =can move out of circulation into tissues - phagocytotic - respond to chemotaxis - movement toward chemicals
63
what are the 2 categories of WBCs
granulocytes and agranulocytes
64
Which WBCs are granulocytes
neutrophils - multi lobed nucleus, most abundant eosinophils - bi lobed nucleus, help moderate/reduce inflammation (role in allergies) basophils - release histamine to promote inflammation and heparin which thins blood to increase blood flow to infection site
65
which WBCs are agranulocyes
monocytes - largest WBC, phagocytotic | lymphocytes - large round nucleus takes up most of the cell, can make "memory cells"
66
define leukocytosis
WBCC < 10,000 = acute infection
67
define leukopenia
WBCC below 4,500 = sign of long-term/chronic infection
68
what is a normal WBCC?
4500-10000
69
describe characteristics of blood platelets (thrombocytes)
fragments; short life cycle; role = help w/ blood clotting | release seratonin to help with vessel constriction; amount in blood varies but higher number when an injury occurs
70
what are the functions of blood plasma?
transport, regulate blood pH, regulate ion and H2O balance
71
what are the 3 plasma proteins from most abundant to least?
albumins, gobulins, fibrinogens
72
function of albumins
regulate osmotic pressure in vessels
73
function of gobulins
transport
74
function of fibrinogens
blood clotting
75
List phases of Hemostasis (blood clotting)
vascular phase - vasospasm; constricting smooth muscle to prevent blood loss platelet phase - make platelet plug; platelets stick to cut and attract more to make temporary plus and release seratonin to continuously constrict vessel coagulation - form blood clot in series of reactions that rely on each other to happen clot retraction - shrink clot to repair vessel damage
76
what are the 2 pathways that result in a blood clot?
``` extrinsic = damage outside vessel intrinsic = damage inside goal = convert fibrinogen (dissolvable) to insoluble fibrin (plasma protein) ```
77
define antigens and antibodies
antigen - surface molecule allow to recognize itself | antibodies - bind to specific antigens
78
what is agglutination and what causes it
clumping due to mixing incompatible blood types

ATI TEAS Exam Prep (11 decks)

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