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ATI TEAS Exam Prep > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Blood circulation

what are the 2 main circuits? Describe both

A

Pulmonary - de-O2 from heart -> lungs -> back to heart

systemic - O2 blood from heart -> body drop off O2 -> pick up CO2 -> back to heart

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2
Q

name the pericardial layers of the heart and related function (superficial to deep)

A

fibrous - connected to diaphragm
parietal - contains fluid to reduce friction
visceral - touches heart wall

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3
Q

list the heart wall layers

A

epicardium - outermost; made of connective tissue
myocardium - made of cardiac muscle; thickest layer
endocardium - innermost, smoothest layer, continuous w/ blood vessel lining; allows blood to flow easily

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4
Q

Blood flow path through the heart

A

heart, venae cavae (superior/inferior), right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries to lungs, pulmonary capillaries (gas exchange), pulmonary veins to heart, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, body, back to heart

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5
Q

describe the atria (chambers) of the heart

A

top chambers, R & L, have thin walls bc not under pressure (only receive blood)
R&L are separated by interatrial septum

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6
Q

describe the structure of the ventricles
Describe structural differences between right and left ventricles and why these differences occur

How are the two ventricles separated?

A

thicker walls bc push blood out thus under more pressure
right - smaller and thinner; push blood out to lungs
left - larger, thicker, push blood out to body so more effort is required

separated via interventricular septum

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7
Q

what do the atriaventricular valves separate?
describe and name the 2 AV valves
define cardiac skeleton and it’s function

A

separate atria and ventricles
Right - tricuspid valve = 3 cusps Left- bicuspid/mitral valve
made up of chordae tendinae and papillary muscles - support and open/close valves

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8
Q

what do semilunar valves do?

name both semilunar valves and describe their structure

A

control movement of blood out of heart
pulmonary and aortic
- have 3 cusps so cardiac skeleton is not required

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9
Q

which arteries supply the heart with blood?

how does the heart get supplied w/ blood?

A

coronary arteries

through relaxation

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10
Q

define anatomoses

what is their significance?

A

connections btwn blood vessels to allow for multiple pathways for blood to reach target organ
in case of obstruction, other pathways for blood to flow

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11
Q

what are the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle and what occurs in each phase?

A

Systole - contraction

diastole - relaxation

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12
Q

list the steps of the cardiac cycle and describe each step

A

Atrial systole - atria contract, fill ventricles (AV valves = open)
atrial diastole begins - atria relax and remain relaxed until next cardiac cycle
ventricular systole early - ventricles contract while AV valves close, semilunar valves are still closed which means blood cannot move thus allowing pressure to build AKA isoduretic contraction
Ventricular systole late - pressure builds, opening semilunar valves and blood is ejected (ventricular ejection) ventricular diastole - ventricles relax, semilunar valves close, atria fill w/ blood while AV valves are closed

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13
Q

what unique feature does cardiac muscle have? describe

what does this feature allow to heart to do? what is the benefit of this feature?

A

intercalated discs connect cardiac muscle cells
- gap junctions = allow ions/action potentials to move btwn cells
-desmosomes = anchor cells together, preventing cell separation
allow all cardiac muscle cells to contract/relax at same time AKA functional syncytium = more force to push blood out

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14
Q

describe Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

pacemaker that sets heart rate (HR)

-pacemaker cells conduct electrical impulses via spontaneous depolarization

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15
Q

describe AV node

A

has pacemaker cells, doesn’t set HR

- can maintain HR at lower rate if there’s damage to SA node

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16
Q

what do purkinje fibers trigger?

A

ventricular systole

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17
Q

define EKG

A

electrocardiogram - shows electrical changes in heart

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18
Q

define arrhythmia

A

abnormal EKG

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19
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic NS have on HR

A

decreases HR via vagal nerves

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20
Q

what effect does the sympathetic NS have on HR

A

increases HR and force of contraction

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21
Q

what happens if the vagal nerves are cut?

A

HR increases

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22
Q

define cardiac output (CO)

A

volume of blood that leaves ventricles each minute

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23
Q

what information is needed to find CO

A

HR and stroke volume (SV)

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24
Q

define stroke volume

A

amount of blood that leaves ventricles each CYCLE

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25
Q

How does changing CO affect blood pressure?

A

lower CO = decrease BP

higher CO = increase BP

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26
Q

what are chronotropic agents?

Postive vs. Negative

A

factors that change HR
postive = increase
negative = decrease

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27
Q

what is end-diastolic volume?

A

amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

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28
Q

what is end-systolic volume?

A

amount of blood left after contraction

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29
Q

how is SV found?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

*factors that influence SV actual influence EDV/ESV

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30
Q

define venous return and how it affects SV

A

volume of blood returning to heart, determines EDV
- pre-load is the stretching of the heart wall due to load (how much blood do you have); greater volume - greater preload - larger SV = larger CO

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31
Q

define inotropic agents

A

external factors that change SV by altering force of contraction (contractibility)
negative - decrease
positive - increase

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32
Q

define afterload

A

resistance in arteries

- more resistance = less blood entering ventricles = smaller EDV = smaller SV

33
Q

define edema

A

accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces surrounding cells

34
Q

list the 5 types of blood vessels

A 
arteries - carry blood away from heart
arterioles - smaller diameter 
capillaries - site of gas exchange 
veins- carry blood back to heart 
venules - smaller diameter
35
Q

List and describe the 3 tunics of blood vessels

A

tunica interna - lines lumen, smooth for blood flow ease (touches blood)
tunica media - smooth muscle layer, responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation
tunica externa - anchors vessels, mostly connective tissue

36
Q

What are some characteristics of arteries? how do they relate to its function?

A

strong and elastic

- under lots of pressure bc carries blood away

37
Q

What are the 3 classes of arteries? describe structure and how it relates to function of each

A
  1. elastic - contain lots of elastic fibers, under greatest amount of pressure, ex. Aorta
  2. muscular - not as many elastic fibers, sill strong
  3. arterioles - smaller in diameter (lose some of tunica media), thick tunica media = keep structure when blood’s removed
38
Q

What are some characteristics of capillaries?

How does this relate to function

A

smallest diameter, very thin only composed of endothelium (tunica Interna)
thinner membranes allow for faster diffusion of gases (function = gas exchange)

39
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries? describe structure, features, and how they relate to function. give example of locations w/in body

A

continuous - no space btwn cells, continuous membrane; locations - smooth cardiac/skeletal muscle
fenestrated - small pores in membrane, increases permeability; locations - endocrine organs/kidneys
sinusoid - large gaps btwn cells = increase permeability; locations - spleen, liver, bone marrow

40
Q

describe veins/venules

A

thin tunica media/thick tunica externa = if blood is removed, vein will collapse bc structure is lost
contains valves which keep blood from moving back to heart, ex. lower extremities, valves keep blood from pooling in feet
can serve as blood reservoirs

41
Q

what is the circulatory pathway of blood vessels?

A

artery, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, heart

42
Q

what are some alternative pathways for blood vessels?

A

anastomoses - join vessels
portal system - allow blood to move directly btwn capillary beds EX. hepatic portal system connect digestive organs to liver

43
Q

what is capillary exchange?

A

a vital combination of diffusion, filtration, and osmosis

44
Q

where does filtration occur in capillary exchange

A

along the capillary

45
Q

On what end of the capillary does reabsorption occur? venous end or artery end

A

venous end

46
Q

define blood pressure

A

measurement of systolic / diastolic pressure

force of blood pushing against vessel walls

47
Q

where is BP usually taken?
what is considered a normal BP?
where is pulse taken?

A

taken at brachial
120/80
radial artery

48
Q

define blood volume and what is the average in L

how does it effect BP

A

sum of formed elements and plasma volumes in vascular system, average 5L based on body size
higher blood volume = higher BP
lower = lower BP

49
Q

define peripheral resistance

how does it effect BP

A

friction btwn blood and blood vessel walls
larger diameter = less resistance = lower BP
small diameter = more resistance = higher BP
longer vessel = more resistance
shorter = less resistance

50
Q

How does vasoconstriction and vasodilation effect BP?

A 
vasoconstriction = increase BP
vasodilation = decrease BP
51
Q

how does blood viscosity effect BP

A

viscosity = thickness which effects blood flow ease
higher viscosity = more resistance = higher BP
lower viscosity= less = lower BP

52
Q

How is BP regulated in the short term

A

via neural regulation (autonomic NS)
2 cardiovascular centers in medulla
- cardiac center: responsible for CO; parasympathetic = increased HR/SV/CO = increased BP; sympathetic = decreased HR/SV/CO = lower BP
-vasomotor center controls vasodilation and vasoconstriction; if BP increases – dilation; decreases –constriction

53
Q

describe long term regulation of BP

A

via hormone regulation

  • angiotensin II = vasoconstrictor, stimulates thirst center, also stimulates ADH and aldosterone
  • ADH decreases urine output
  • aldosterone - increases Na+ absorption –maintain H2O and blood volume
  • atrial natriuretic peptide - released from heart, used to lower BP by stimulating vasodilation and increasing urine output
54
Q

what is Hypovolemic shock?

A

caused by severe blood/fluid loss
blood vessels constrict to increase BP temporarily
HR will increase; if fluid loss continues – sharp drop in BP–heart goes into shock = fatal

55
Q

list some functions of blood

A

transport O2, nutrients, wastes, hormones
aid in defense via WBCs
distribute body heat
help maintain ion concentrations in tissue fluid

56
Q

what are the two main components of blood?

A

formed elements - WBCs, RBCs, platelets

plasma -mostly water

57
Q

list some characteristic of blood

A

temp about 100.4 degrees F
5x more viscous than H2O
slightly alkaline

58
Q

where are blood cells made

A

red bone marrow from hematopoietic cells

59
Q

what are the 2 types of hematopoietic (stem) cells? What blood cells do they make?

A

myeloid stem cells - RBCs, platelets, most WBCs

lymphoid - lymphocytes (WBC)

60
Q

what are some characteristics of erythrocytes?

main function?

A

small, biconcave shape, make up 1/3 of the trillion body cells, large surface area = more room for diffusion and hold more hemoglobin
flexible = move through narrow spaces
cannot repair/reproduce
transport O2

61
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A

pigment protein made of 4 chains, each chain has heme unit that hold iron and where O2 binds

62
Q

What is the function of leukocytes (WBCs)? what are some of their properties?

A

function = defense

  • diapedsis =can move out of circulation into tissues
  • phagocytotic
  • respond to chemotaxis - movement toward chemicals
63
Q

what are the 2 categories of WBCs

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

64
Q

Which WBCs are granulocytes

A

neutrophils - multi lobed nucleus, most abundant
eosinophils - bi lobed nucleus, help moderate/reduce inflammation (role in allergies)
basophils - release histamine to promote inflammation and heparin which thins blood to increase blood flow to infection site

65
Q

which WBCs are agranulocyes

A

monocytes - largest WBC, phagocytotic

lymphocytes - large round nucleus takes up most of the cell, can make “memory cells”

66
Q

define leukocytosis

A

WBCC < 10,000 = acute infection

67
Q

define leukopenia

A

WBCC below 4,500 = sign of long-term/chronic infection

68
Q

what is a normal WBCC?

A

4500-10000

69
Q

describe characteristics of blood platelets (thrombocytes)

A

fragments; short life cycle; role = help w/ blood clotting

release seratonin to help with vessel constriction; amount in blood varies but higher number when an injury occurs

70
Q

what are the functions of blood plasma?

A

transport, regulate blood pH, regulate ion and H2O balance

71
Q

what are the 3 plasma proteins from most abundant to least?

A

albumins, gobulins, fibrinogens

72
Q

function of albumins

A

regulate osmotic pressure in vessels

73
Q

function of gobulins

A

transport

74
Q

function of fibrinogens

A

blood clotting

75
Q

List phases of Hemostasis (blood clotting)

A

vascular phase - vasospasm; constricting smooth muscle to prevent blood loss
platelet phase - make platelet plug; platelets stick to cut and attract more to make temporary plus and release seratonin to continuously constrict vessel
coagulation - form blood clot in series of reactions that rely on each other to happen
clot retraction - shrink clot to repair vessel damage

76
Q

what are the 2 pathways that result in a blood clot?

A 
extrinsic = damage outside vessel 
intrinsic = damage inside 
goal = convert fibrinogen (dissolvable) to insoluble fibrin (plasma protein)
77
Q

define antigens and antibodies

A

antigen - surface molecule allow to recognize itself

antibodies - bind to specific antigens

78
Q

what is agglutination and what causes it

A

clumping due to mixing incompatible blood types

ATI TEAS Exam Prep (11 decks)

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