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Kinesio > Tissue Mechanics Bone > Flashcards

Tissue Mechanics Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What is the intercellular calcified bone matrix composed of (3)

A
  1. Inorganic matter
  2. Water
  3. Organic matter
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2
Q

What percent of the intercellular matrix of bone is inorganic matter

A

60-70%

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3
Q

What is the inorganic matter of the intracellular matrix of bone

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals

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4
Q

What percent of the intercellular matrix of bone is water

A

5-8%

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5
Q

What percent of the intercellular matrix of bone is organic matter

A

22-35%

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6
Q

Where is inorganic matter embedded in

A

Variously oriented fibers of protein collagen (fibrous portion of extracellular matrix)

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7
Q

What is make up the greatest percentage of the ECM organic matter

A

Type I collagen

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8
Q

How much of the ECM organic matter does type I collagen make up

A

90%

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9
Q

How much of the dry weight of bone does type I collagen make up

A

25-30%

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10
Q

What composes the ECM organic matter of bone (4)

A
  1. Type I collagen
  2. GAGs
  3. PGs
  4. Glycoproteins
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11
Q

What do GAGs do in the ECM organic matter

A

Serve as cementing substance between osteons

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12
Q

What percent of the ECM are GAGs

A

About 5%

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13
Q

What do the glycoproteins contain in the ECM organic matter

A

Glutamic acid

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14
Q

What does glutamic acid do

A

Causes glycoproteins to bind to calcium

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15
Q

What do GAGs do for the bone

A

Give it the ability to absorb stress and share it across the bone

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16
Q

What is the main portion of the inorganic of the ICM

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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17
Q

What form do calcium and phosphorus take in the inorganic matter of the ICM

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals

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18
Q

What makes bone such a dynamic tissue

A

Bone cells

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19
Q

What are the 3 bone cells

A
  1. Osteocyte
  2. Osteoblast
  3. Osteaoclast
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20
Q

What are osteocytes

A

Mature cells

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21
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

Young cells for growth

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22
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

Phagocytic

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23
Q

What is constantly going on in existing bone hopefully inbalance

A

Bone tissue deposition and bone tissue resorption

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24
Q

What happens more during growth

A

Deposition

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25
Q

What happens more during aging

A

Resorption

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26
Q

What happens more during healing

A

Hopefully both are equal

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27
Q

What happens more during exercise

A

Resorption

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28
Q

What occurs when bone deposition decreases

A

Disuse atrophy

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29
Q

Following 8 weeks of immobilization what can happen to load to failure, stiffness, and energy storing capacity

A

A 3 fold decrease

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30
Q

What do plates do in fracture

A

Take up some of the force that would normally be experienced by the tissue

31
Q

What is micromotion

A

Motion where the screw goes in and stimulates bone growth

32
Q

What is another name for compact bone

A

Cortical bone

33
Q

What is the stress strain curve of compact compared to cancellous bone

A

Steeper slope

34
Q

What bone is stiffer

A

Cortical bone

35
Q

Which type of bone has a greater capacity for energy storage

A

Cancellous

36
Q

What is another name for cancellous bone

A

Trabecular bone

37
Q

Does increased velocity of loading make bone more stable or brittle

A

Brittle

38
Q

Does bone exhibit anisotropic or isotropic behaviors

A

Anisotropic

39
Q

What does anisotropic meand

A

The tissue responds to the forces put on it

40
Q

Which direction is strength the strongest for bone

A

The direction in which loading is most common

41
Q

What is force (per unit area) applied to a structure

A

Stress

42
Q

What is deformation (change in shape) of a structure produced by an applied force/stress

A

Strain

43
Q

What is material stiffness of bone equal to

A

Slope of liner portion of curve points A to B

44
Q

What does the inverse of material stiffness of bone equal

A

Compliance

45
Q

Which bone can withstand great stress but less strain

A

Cortical

46
Q

How much strain does it take cancellous bone to fail

A

75%

47
Q

How much strain does it take cortical bone to fail

A

2%

48
Q

What is stress

A

Load

49
Q

What is strain

A

Deformation

50
Q

True or False:

Constant compression can hinder growth

A

True

51
Q

How do you determine if someone has a valgus/varus

A

Look at which way the distal segments points

52
Q

Distal segment points toward midline

A

Varus

53
Q

Distal segment points away from midline

A

Valgus

54
Q

What causes valgus/varus

A

Unequal loading

55
Q

What is the effect that occurs when bone bends

A

Piezo-electric effect

56
Q

What happens on the side of compression

A
  • charge
57
Q

What happens on the side of tension

A

+ charge

58
Q

Where do osteoblasts migrate to

A
  • charge
59
Q

Where do osteoclasts migrate to

A

+ charge

60
Q

What does the piezo-electric effect cause

A

Bone deposition on side of compression

61
Q

What is the usual function of muscle contractions on bone

A

Oppose antagonist or gravity to counterbalance bending

62
Q

True or False:

Muscles pulling on bone overtime creates tuberosities/trochanters

A

True

63
Q

What happens at the tissue level as a result of high tension load

A

Hopefully balance of osteoblast/clast activity

64
Q

What does a constant compressive load produce in bone

A

Increase in endosteal diameter and intracortical porosity

65
Q

Are constant compressive loads good for long bones

A

Not really

66
Q

What does intermittent loading produce

A

Increased bone mass

67
Q

True or False:

Spiral fractures are common with torsion loading

A

True

68
Q

What part of the bone is most sensitive to torsion forces

A

Epiphyseal plate

69
Q

What does a greater cross sectional area cause

A

Stiffer and stronger bone

70
Q

What is clinical healing

A

Formation of the hard callus

71
Q

What is the intensity for bone interventions (3)

A
  1. Load within tissue structural tolerance
  2. Move carefully into plastic zone
  3. Pain free loading
72
Q

What is the duration for bone interventions

A

Many reps of cyclic loading

73
Q

What is the mode for bone interventions

A

Attempt to mimic functional loading characteristics

Kinesio (11 decks)

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