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Tissue Mechanics Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What is the intercellular calcified bone matrix composed of (3)

A
  1. Inorganic matter
  2. Water
  3. Organic matter
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2
Q

What percent of the intercellular matrix of bone is inorganic matter

A

60-70%

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3
Q

What is the inorganic matter of the intracellular matrix of bone

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals

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4
Q

What percent of the intercellular matrix of bone is water

A

5-8%

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5
Q

What percent of the intercellular matrix of bone is organic matter

A

22-35%

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6
Q

Where is inorganic matter embedded in

A

Variously oriented fibers of protein collagen (fibrous portion of extracellular matrix)

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7
Q

What is make up the greatest percentage of the ECM organic matter

A

Type I collagen

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8
Q

How much of the ECM organic matter does type I collagen make up

A

90%

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9
Q

How much of the dry weight of bone does type I collagen make up

A

25-30%

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10
Q

What composes the ECM organic matter of bone (4)

A
  1. Type I collagen
  2. GAGs
  3. PGs
  4. Glycoproteins
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11
Q

What do GAGs do in the ECM organic matter

A

Serve as cementing substance between osteons

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12
Q

What percent of the ECM are GAGs

A

About 5%

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13
Q

What do the glycoproteins contain in the ECM organic matter

A

Glutamic acid

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14
Q

What does glutamic acid do

A

Causes glycoproteins to bind to calcium

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15
Q

What do GAGs do for the bone

A

Give it the ability to absorb stress and share it across the bone

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16
Q

What is the main portion of the inorganic of the ICM

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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17
Q

What form do calcium and phosphorus take in the inorganic matter of the ICM

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals

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18
Q

What makes bone such a dynamic tissue

A

Bone cells

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19
Q

What are the 3 bone cells

A
  1. Osteocyte
  2. Osteoblast
  3. Osteaoclast
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20
Q

What are osteocytes

A

Mature cells

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21
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

Young cells for growth

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22
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

Phagocytic

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23
Q

What is constantly going on in existing bone hopefully inbalance

A

Bone tissue deposition and bone tissue resorption

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24
Q

What happens more during growth

A

Deposition

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25
What happens more during aging
Resorption
26
What happens more during healing
Hopefully both are equal
27
What happens more during exercise
Resorption
28
What occurs when bone deposition decreases
Disuse atrophy
29
Following 8 weeks of immobilization what can happen to load to failure, stiffness, and energy storing capacity
A 3 fold decrease
30
What do plates do in fracture
Take up some of the force that would normally be experienced by the tissue
31
What is micromotion
Motion where the screw goes in and stimulates bone growth
32
What is another name for compact bone
Cortical bone
33
What is the stress strain curve of compact compared to cancellous bone
Steeper slope
34
What bone is stiffer
Cortical bone
35
Which type of bone has a greater capacity for energy storage
Cancellous
36
What is another name for cancellous bone
Trabecular bone
37
Does increased velocity of loading make bone more stable or brittle
Brittle
38
Does bone exhibit anisotropic or isotropic behaviors
Anisotropic
39
What does anisotropic meand
The tissue responds to the forces put on it
40
Which direction is strength the strongest for bone
The direction in which loading is most common
41
What is force (per unit area) applied to a structure
Stress
42
What is deformation (change in shape) of a structure produced by an applied force/stress
Strain
43
What is material stiffness of bone equal to
Slope of liner portion of curve points A to B
44
What does the inverse of material stiffness of bone equal
Compliance
45
Which bone can withstand great stress but less strain
Cortical
46
How much strain does it take cancellous bone to fail
75%
47
How much strain does it take cortical bone to fail
2%
48
What is stress
Load
49
What is strain
Deformation
50
True or False: | Constant compression can hinder growth
True
51
How do you determine if someone has a valgus/varus
Look at which way the distal segments points
52
Distal segment points toward midline
Varus
53
Distal segment points away from midline
Valgus
54
What causes valgus/varus
Unequal loading
55
What is the effect that occurs when bone bends
Piezo-electric effect
56
What happens on the side of compression
- charge
57
What happens on the side of tension
+ charge
58
Where do osteoblasts migrate to
- charge
59
Where do osteoclasts migrate to
+ charge
60
What does the piezo-electric effect cause
Bone deposition on side of compression
61
What is the usual function of muscle contractions on bone
Oppose antagonist or gravity to counterbalance bending
62
True or False: | Muscles pulling on bone overtime creates tuberosities/trochanters
True
63
What happens at the tissue level as a result of high tension load
Hopefully balance of osteoblast/clast activity
64
What does a constant compressive load produce in bone
Increase in endosteal diameter and intracortical porosity
65
Are constant compressive loads good for long bones
Not really
66
What does intermittent loading produce
Increased bone mass
67
True or False: | Spiral fractures are common with torsion loading
True
68
What part of the bone is most sensitive to torsion forces
Epiphyseal plate
69
What does a greater cross sectional area cause
Stiffer and stronger bone
70
What is clinical healing
Formation of the hard callus
71
What is the intensity for bone interventions (3)
1. Load within tissue structural tolerance 2. Move carefully into plastic zone 3. Pain free loading
72
What is the duration for bone interventions
Many reps of cyclic loading
73
What is the mode for bone interventions
Attempt to mimic functional loading characteristics

Kinesio (11 decks)

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