Thoracic Spine Biomechanics Flashcards
1
Q
What is the “Rule of Three’s”
A
Grouping 3 segments to determine at what level the spinous processes are in relation to corresponding transverse processes
2
Q
What is the normal cervical lordosis
A
30-35
3
Q
What is the normal thoracic kyphosis
A
40
4
Q
What is the normal lumbar lordosis
A
45
5
Q
How do you measure the angle of lordosis/kyphosis of a region
A
Measure through the body of first and last segment of the section
6
Q
What are the transitional vertebrae of the T-spine
A
T1 and T12
7
Q
Are thoracic vertebral bodies larger or smaller than cervical vertebrae
A
Larger
8
Q
What is the diameter of the of the thoracic vertebrae
A
The same anterior and transverse
9
Q
What do demifacets articulate with
A
Ribs
10
Q
Are there uncinate processes in the thoracic vertebrae
A
No
11
Q
Why aren’t there uncinate processes in the thoracic vertebrae
A
The ribs prevent rotation and sidebending
12
Q
How are the spinous processes oriented compared to cervical vertebrae
A
Longer and more inferior angulation
13
Q
How are the transverse processes oriented in the thoracic spine
A
Lateral and posterior
14
Q
True or False:
The transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae are thickened laterally for articulation with costal tubercles
A
True
15
Q
Which way do the inferior facets face
A
Inferior and anterior
16
Q
Which way do the superior facets face
A
Superior and posterior
17
Q
What is the orientation of the thoracic facets
A
60
18
Q
Is there more or less weight bearing on the facet joints in the thoracic spine compared to the C-spine
A
Less
19
Q
What is another name for the neutral zone in the C-spine
A
Zone of weakness
20
Q
What orientation are the lines of stress in the trabecular system in spongy bone
A
Vertical, oblique, and horizontal
21
Q
What is the zone of weakness
A
Decreased trabecular system evident
22
Q
What can occur at the zone of weakness
A
Compression fracture anteriorly
23
Q
What spinal region is most susceptible to compression fractures
A
Thoracic spine
24
Q
True or False:
There is trabecular system evident in the vertebral arch
A
True
25
Where does fracture occur to the vertebral arch
Pars interarticularis
26
What restrict ROM in the T-spine
Ribs
27
What part of the T-spine has relatively increased rotation and side bending
Upper thoracic (T1-T5)
28
What part of the T-spine has relatively increased flexion and extension
Lower thoracic (T9-T12)
29
What is the characteristics of the middle part of the T-spine
A little of the upper and lower T-spine
30
What happens to side bending as you go from T1-T12
Increases because ribs are further apart
31
What Fryette's Law does the upper T-spine follow in neutral and non-neutral
Fryette's Law II
32
What Fryette's Law does the lower T-spine follow in neutral and non-neutral
Neutral: Fryette's Law I
| Non-neutral: Fryette's Law II
33
How any degrees of freedom does the T-spine have
3
34
What is the upper T-spine limited in
Flexion and extension
35
Why is the upper T-spine limited in flexion and extension
Facets lie in frontal plane 60 from horizontal
36
What does the lower T-spine have increased motion in
Flexion and extension
37
Why does the lower T-spine have increased flexion and extension
Facets are in a sagittal plane
38
Does side bending increase or decrease as you go distally in the T-spine
Increase due to ribs being further apart
39
Does rotation increase or decrease as you go distally in the T-spine
Decrease due to facets in sagittal plane
40
If you rotate right where should the rib hump be
Right side
41
You would describe the rib hump as what
Convex
42
What would you describe the left set of ribs
Concave
43
If you side bend left what happens to the spinous processes
Move to the left
44
What would you describe the spinous processes going left in during left side bending
Concavity
45
What would you describe the ribs during left side bending
Convexity
46
How do you look at concavity/convexity of the spine
Frontal plane
47
How do you look at concavity/convexity of the ribs
Sagittal plane
48
The T-spine is more mobile than what part of the spine
Lumbar spine
49
What part of the spine is more mobile than the T-spine
C-spine
50
What are the arthrokinematics of the facets during flexion
Anterior/superior
51
What are the arthrokinematics of the facets during extension
Posterior/inferior
52
What are the arthrokinematics of the facets during Rotation
Contralateral: Anterior/superior
Ipsilateral: Posterior/inferior
53
What are the arthrokinematics of the facets during side bending
Ipsilateral: Anterior/superior
Contralateral: Posterior/inferior
54
Degrees of flexion in the T-spine
30-40
55
Degrees of extension in the T-spine
20-25
56
Degrees of side bending in the thoracolumbar spine
30
57
Degrees of rotation in the thoracolumbar spine
25
58
What is the "Rule of Three's"
Grouping segments in 3's
59
Where are the SP in relation to TP for T1-T3
Level to TP
60
Where are the SP in relation to TP for T4-T6
1/2 segment inferior to TP
61
Where are the SP in relation to TP for T7-T9
1 segment inferior to TP
62
Where are the SP in relation to TP for T10
I segment inferior to TP
63
Where are the SP in relation to TP for T11
1/2 segment inferior to TP
64
Where are the SP in relation to TP for T12
Level to TP
65
Which direction do you go to find the TP of T4-6 and T11
Superolateral 1/2 segment
66
Which direction do you go to find the TP of T7-T9 and T10
Superolateral 1 segment
67
Which direction do you go to find the TP of T1-T3 and T12
Lateral
68
What are some check reins to T-spine flexion
PLL, ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligament, muscles, Posterior annulus fibrosis, facet capsule
69
What are some check reins to T-spine extension
ALL, Rectus abdominus, Anterior annulus
70
What is a lateral curvature of the spine
Scoliosis
71
How are scoliosis named
Based on direction of convexity and region
72
What type of scoliosis is a rib hump present
Type I dysfunction
73
Which scoliosis is correctable
Functional
74
Which scoliosis is not correctable
Structural
75
How many segments are needed for a type I scoliosis
3
76
How many segments can a type II scoliosis have
1
77
With a normal kyphosis of the T-spine what is the moment/torque in the C-spine and T-spine
C-spine: Small extension moment/torque
| T-spine: Small flexion moment/torque
78
With a moderate kyphosis of the T-spine what is the moment/torque in the C-spine and T-spine
C-spine: Small flexion moment/torque
| T-spine: Moderate flexion moment/torque
79
With a severe kyphosis of the T-spine what is the moment/torque in the C-spine and T-spine
C-spine: Small extension moment/torque
| T-spine: Large flexion moment/torque
80
Which type of T-spine kyphosis has the greatest recruitment of extensor muscles
Moderate
81
Why does moderate T-spine kyphosis have the greatest recruitment of extensors
Because the C-spine has a flexion moment/torque to also overcome
82
How many pairs of ribs are there
12
83
What are the true ribs
1-7
84
What are the false ribs
8-10
85
What are the floating ribs
11-12
86
What does a true rib mean
The rib has a direct cartilage attachment to the sternum
87
What does a false rib mean
The rib has costal cartilage that attaches them to the sternum
88
What does a floating rib mean
The rib has no attachment to the sternum at all
89
What type of joint are costovertebral joints
Plane synovial
90
What are the points of contact of the costovertebral joints
Head of rib and 2 demifacets on the thoracic vertebrae
91
How would you describe the head of the rib concave or convex
Convex
92
What ribs articulate with only 1 vertebra
1, 11, 12
93
Where are ribs 2-8 costovertebral joints
The inferior demifacet of superior vertebra and superior demifacet of inferior vertebra
94
Which ribs are more mobile
1, 11, 12 due to fewer articulations
95
Where are the vertebral facets of T9-T12
Posterior on pedicles
96
What ribs articulate with the IV disc
2-10
97
What type of joint are costotransverse joints
Plane synovial
98
What are the points of contact for costotransverse joints
Costal tubercle of rib with costal facet on transverse process
99
What ribs have costotransverse joints
1-10
100
How would you describe the costal facet of the transverse processes 1-6
Concave
101
How would you describe the costal tubercle of ribs 1-6
Convex
102
What do the convex and concave configuration of the costotransverse joints of 1-6 allow for
Some rotation
103
How would you describe the costal facet of the TP and the costal tubercle of ribs/vertebra 7-8
Flat allow for gliding
104
How do you clinically test ribs
Rib springing
105
Where does rib 7 attach to the vertbra
C6/C7 IV disc
106
What type of joint are the costosternal joints
Plane synovial
107
What rib is the exception for the costosternal joint
Rib 1
108
What type of joint does rib 1 have with the sternum
Cartilaginous
109
What ribs articulate directly with sternum
1-7
110
What ribs do not articulate with the sternum
11 and 12
111
What ribs articulate with the sternum via costocartilage
8-10
112
How would you describe the costosternal joint of rib 1
Stiff
113
How would you describe the costovertebral joint of rib 1
More mobile posteriorly
114
Rib 1 has what characteristics anteriorly and posteriorly
Anteriorly: Stability
Posteriorly: Mobility
115
During inspiration which way does the first rib elevate
Superior and posterior due to mobility of costovertebral joint
116
True or False:
| The ribs have relative agreement of a common axis for the CV and CT joints
True
117
Ribs 1-6 motion occurs in which plane
Sagittal plane
118
Ribs 7-10 motion occurs in which plane
Frontal plane
119
What plane does the common axis that motion occurs in for ribs 1-6 lay in
Frontal plane (M-L axis)
120
What plane does the common axis that motion occurs in for ribs 7-10 lay in
Sagittal plane (A-P axis)
121
What are ribs 1-6 called
Pump handle ribs
122
What are ribs 7-10 called
Bucket handle ribs
123
What are ribs 11-12 called
Caliper ribs
124
The pump handle ribs increase what dimension
A-P
125
What motion do the pump handle ribs cause
Anterior and superior
126
The bucket handle ribs increase what dimension
Lateral
127
What motion do the bucket handle ribs cause
Lateral and superior
128
The caliper ribs increase what dimension
Lateral
129
What motion do the caliper ribs cause
Lateral
130
What type of joint is between the sternum and the first rib
Synchondrosis
131
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