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Kinesio > Thoracic Spine Biomechanics > Flashcards

Thoracic Spine Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the “Rule of Three’s”

A

Grouping 3 segments to determine at what level the spinous processes are in relation to corresponding transverse processes

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2
Q

What is the normal cervical lordosis

A

30-35

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3
Q

What is the normal thoracic kyphosis

A

40

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4
Q

What is the normal lumbar lordosis

A

45

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5
Q

How do you measure the angle of lordosis/kyphosis of a region

A

Measure through the body of first and last segment of the section

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6
Q

What are the transitional vertebrae of the T-spine

A

T1 and T12

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7
Q

Are thoracic vertebral bodies larger or smaller than cervical vertebrae

A

Larger

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8
Q

What is the diameter of the of the thoracic vertebrae

A

The same anterior and transverse

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9
Q

What do demifacets articulate with

A

Ribs

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10
Q

Are there uncinate processes in the thoracic vertebrae

A

No

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11
Q

Why aren’t there uncinate processes in the thoracic vertebrae

A

The ribs prevent rotation and sidebending

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12
Q

How are the spinous processes oriented compared to cervical vertebrae

A

Longer and more inferior angulation

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13
Q

How are the transverse processes oriented in the thoracic spine

A

Lateral and posterior

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14
Q

True or False:

The transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae are thickened laterally for articulation with costal tubercles

A

True

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15
Q

Which way do the inferior facets face

A

Inferior and anterior

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16
Q

Which way do the superior facets face

A

Superior and posterior

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17
Q

What is the orientation of the thoracic facets

A

60

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18
Q

Is there more or less weight bearing on the facet joints in the thoracic spine compared to the C-spine

A

Less

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19
Q

What is another name for the neutral zone in the C-spine

A

Zone of weakness

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20
Q

What orientation are the lines of stress in the trabecular system in spongy bone

A

Vertical, oblique, and horizontal

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21
Q

What is the zone of weakness

A

Decreased trabecular system evident

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22
Q

What can occur at the zone of weakness

A

Compression fracture anteriorly

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23
Q

What spinal region is most susceptible to compression fractures

A

Thoracic spine

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24
Q

True or False:

There is trabecular system evident in the vertebral arch

A

True

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25
Q

Where does fracture occur to the vertebral arch

A

Pars interarticularis

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26
Q

What restrict ROM in the T-spine

A

Ribs

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27
Q

What part of the T-spine has relatively increased rotation and side bending

A

Upper thoracic (T1-T5)

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28
Q

What part of the T-spine has relatively increased flexion and extension

A

Lower thoracic (T9-T12)

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29
Q

What is the characteristics of the middle part of the T-spine

A

A little of the upper and lower T-spine

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30
Q

What happens to side bending as you go from T1-T12

A

Increases because ribs are further apart

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31
Q

What Fryette’s Law does the upper T-spine follow in neutral and non-neutral

A

Fryette’s Law II

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32
Q

What Fryette’s Law does the lower T-spine follow in neutral and non-neutral

A

Neutral: Fryette’s Law I

Non-neutral: Fryette’s Law II

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33
Q

How any degrees of freedom does the T-spine have

A

3

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34
Q

What is the upper T-spine limited in

A

Flexion and extension

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35
Q

Why is the upper T-spine limited in flexion and extension

A

Facets lie in frontal plane 60 from horizontal

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36
Q

What does the lower T-spine have increased motion in

A

Flexion and extension

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37
Q

Why does the lower T-spine have increased flexion and extension

A

Facets are in a sagittal plane

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38
Q

Does side bending increase or decrease as you go distally in the T-spine

A

Increase due to ribs being further apart

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39
Q

Does rotation increase or decrease as you go distally in the T-spine

A

Decrease due to facets in sagittal plane

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40
Q

If you rotate right where should the rib hump be

A

Right side

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41
Q

You would describe the rib hump as what

A

Convex

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42
Q

What would you describe the left set of ribs

A

Concave

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43
Q

If you side bend left what happens to the spinous processes

A

Move to the left

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44
Q

What would you describe the spinous processes going left in during left side bending

A

Concavity

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45
Q

What would you describe the ribs during left side bending

A

Convexity

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46
Q

How do you look at concavity/convexity of the spine

A

Frontal plane

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47
Q

How do you look at concavity/convexity of the ribs

A

Sagittal plane

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48
Q

The T-spine is more mobile than what part of the spine

A

Lumbar spine

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49
Q

What part of the spine is more mobile than the T-spine

A

C-spine

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50
Q

What are the arthrokinematics of the facets during flexion

A

Anterior/superior

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51
Q

What are the arthrokinematics of the facets during extension

A

Posterior/inferior

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52
Q

What are the arthrokinematics of the facets during Rotation

A

Contralateral: Anterior/superior
Ipsilateral: Posterior/inferior

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53
Q

What are the arthrokinematics of the facets during side bending

A

Ipsilateral: Anterior/superior
Contralateral: Posterior/inferior

54
Q

Degrees of flexion in the T-spine

A

30-40

55
Q

Degrees of extension in the T-spine

A

20-25

56
Q

Degrees of side bending in the thoracolumbar spine

A

30

57
Q

Degrees of rotation in the thoracolumbar spine

A

25

58
Q

What is the “Rule of Three’s”

A

Grouping segments in 3’s

59
Q

Where are the SP in relation to TP for T1-T3

A

Level to TP

60
Q

Where are the SP in relation to TP for T4-T6

A

1/2 segment inferior to TP

61
Q

Where are the SP in relation to TP for T7-T9

A

1 segment inferior to TP

62
Q

Where are the SP in relation to TP for T10

A

I segment inferior to TP

63
Q

Where are the SP in relation to TP for T11

A

1/2 segment inferior to TP

64
Q

Where are the SP in relation to TP for T12

A

Level to TP

65
Q

Which direction do you go to find the TP of T4-6 and T11

A

Superolateral 1/2 segment

66
Q

Which direction do you go to find the TP of T7-T9 and T10

A

Superolateral 1 segment

67
Q

Which direction do you go to find the TP of T1-T3 and T12

A

Lateral

68
Q

What are some check reins to T-spine flexion

A

PLL, ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligament, muscles, Posterior annulus fibrosis, facet capsule

69
Q

What are some check reins to T-spine extension

A

ALL, Rectus abdominus, Anterior annulus

70
Q

What is a lateral curvature of the spine

A

Scoliosis

71
Q

How are scoliosis named

A

Based on direction of convexity and region

72
Q

What type of scoliosis is a rib hump present

A

Type I dysfunction

73
Q

Which scoliosis is correctable

A

Functional

74
Q

Which scoliosis is not correctable

A

Structural

75
Q

How many segments are needed for a type I scoliosis

A

3

76
Q

How many segments can a type II scoliosis have

A

1

77
Q

With a normal kyphosis of the T-spine what is the moment/torque in the C-spine and T-spine

A

C-spine: Small extension moment/torque

T-spine: Small flexion moment/torque

78
Q

With a moderate kyphosis of the T-spine what is the moment/torque in the C-spine and T-spine

A

C-spine: Small flexion moment/torque

T-spine: Moderate flexion moment/torque

79
Q

With a severe kyphosis of the T-spine what is the moment/torque in the C-spine and T-spine

A

C-spine: Small extension moment/torque

T-spine: Large flexion moment/torque

80
Q

Which type of T-spine kyphosis has the greatest recruitment of extensor muscles

A

Moderate

81
Q

Why does moderate T-spine kyphosis have the greatest recruitment of extensors

A

Because the C-spine has a flexion moment/torque to also overcome

82
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there

A

12

83
Q

What are the true ribs

A

1-7

84
Q

What are the false ribs

A

8-10

85
Q

What are the floating ribs

A

11-12

86
Q

What does a true rib mean

A

The rib has a direct cartilage attachment to the sternum

87
Q

What does a false rib mean

A

The rib has costal cartilage that attaches them to the sternum

88
Q

What does a floating rib mean

A

The rib has no attachment to the sternum at all

89
Q

What type of joint are costovertebral joints

A

Plane synovial

90
Q

What are the points of contact of the costovertebral joints

A

Head of rib and 2 demifacets on the thoracic vertebrae

91
Q

How would you describe the head of the rib concave or convex

A

Convex

92
Q

What ribs articulate with only 1 vertebra

A

1, 11, 12

93
Q

Where are ribs 2-8 costovertebral joints

A

The inferior demifacet of superior vertebra and superior demifacet of inferior vertebra

94
Q

Which ribs are more mobile

A

1, 11, 12 due to fewer articulations

95
Q

Where are the vertebral facets of T9-T12

A

Posterior on pedicles

96
Q

What ribs articulate with the IV disc

A

2-10

97
Q

What type of joint are costotransverse joints

A

Plane synovial

98
Q

What are the points of contact for costotransverse joints

A

Costal tubercle of rib with costal facet on transverse process

99
Q

What ribs have costotransverse joints

A

1-10

100
Q

How would you describe the costal facet of the transverse processes 1-6

A

Concave

101
Q

How would you describe the costal tubercle of ribs 1-6

A

Convex

102
Q

What do the convex and concave configuration of the costotransverse joints of 1-6 allow for

A

Some rotation

103
Q

How would you describe the costal facet of the TP and the costal tubercle of ribs/vertebra 7-8

A

Flat allow for gliding

104
Q

How do you clinically test ribs

A

Rib springing

105
Q

Where does rib 7 attach to the vertbra

A

C6/C7 IV disc

106
Q

What type of joint are the costosternal joints

A

Plane synovial

107
Q

What rib is the exception for the costosternal joint

A

Rib 1

108
Q

What type of joint does rib 1 have with the sternum

A

Cartilaginous

109
Q

What ribs articulate directly with sternum

A

1-7

110
Q

What ribs do not articulate with the sternum

A

11 and 12

111
Q

What ribs articulate with the sternum via costocartilage

A

8-10

112
Q

How would you describe the costosternal joint of rib 1

A

Stiff

113
Q

How would you describe the costovertebral joint of rib 1

A

More mobile posteriorly

114
Q

Rib 1 has what characteristics anteriorly and posteriorly

A

Anteriorly: Stability
Posteriorly: Mobility

115
Q

During inspiration which way does the first rib elevate

A

Superior and posterior due to mobility of costovertebral joint

116
Q

True or False:

The ribs have relative agreement of a common axis for the CV and CT joints

A

True

117
Q

Ribs 1-6 motion occurs in which plane

A

Sagittal plane

118
Q

Ribs 7-10 motion occurs in which plane

A

Frontal plane

119
Q

What plane does the common axis that motion occurs in for ribs 1-6 lay in

A

Frontal plane (M-L axis)

120
Q

What plane does the common axis that motion occurs in for ribs 7-10 lay in

A

Sagittal plane (A-P axis)

121
Q

What are ribs 1-6 called

A

Pump handle ribs

122
Q

What are ribs 7-10 called

A

Bucket handle ribs

123
Q

What are ribs 11-12 called

A

Caliper ribs

124
Q

The pump handle ribs increase what dimension

A

A-P

125
Q

What motion do the pump handle ribs cause

A

Anterior and superior

126
Q

The bucket handle ribs increase what dimension

A

Lateral

127
Q

What motion do the bucket handle ribs cause

A

Lateral and superior

128
Q

The caliper ribs increase what dimension

A

Lateral

129
Q

What motion do the caliper ribs cause

A

Lateral

130
Q

What type of joint is between the sternum and the first rib

A

Synchondrosis

131
Q

Motivation

A

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Kinesio (11 decks)

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