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Kinesio > Mechanical Behavior of Tissues > Flashcards

Mechanical Behavior of Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 various loading modes

A
  1. Unloaded
  2. Tension
  3. Compression
  4. Bending
  5. Shear
  6. Torsion
  7. Combined Loading
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2
Q

What does bending create

A

Tension and compression

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3
Q

What does torsion create

A

Tension on outside but compression on inside

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4
Q

What is characterized by a wide dispersion of cells in the presence of a large extracellular matrix

A

Connective tissue

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5
Q

What are the parts of CT at the microscopic layer (2)

A
  1. Interfibrillar component

2. Fibrillar component

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6
Q

True or False:

CT are unique among body structures and function is determined by ECM

A

True

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7
Q

What does blast mean

A

Creating, immature cell

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8
Q

What does cyte mean

A

Mature cells

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9
Q

What is interfibrillar composed of

A

Hydrated proteins

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10
Q

What hydrated proteins make up interfibrillar (2)

A
  1. Proteoglycans (PGs)

2. Glycoproteins

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11
Q

What make up proteoglycans

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

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12
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans

A

Polysaccaride chains

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13
Q

What are examples of glycosaminoglycans (3)

A
  1. Chondroitin
  2. Chondroitin sulfate
  3. Hyaluronon
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14
Q

True or False:

The proportion of PGs in extracellular matrix effects hydration

A

True

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15
Q

What charge do GAGs have

A

Negative

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16
Q

What does GAGs having a negative charge do

A

Causes PGs to cause swelling pressure leading to flow of water into matrix

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17
Q

What resist and contain the swelling

A

Collagen fibers

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18
Q

Tissues subjected to high compression forces have a blank PG content

A

High

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19
Q

Tissues subjected to high tensile forces have a blank PG content

A

Low

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20
Q

What are the 2 major components of Fibrillar

A
  1. Collagen

2. Elastin

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21
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body

A

Collagen

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22
Q

Most common types of collagen fibers

A

I and II

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23
Q

What allow the fibers to deform under force and return to original state

A

Elastin

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24
Q

What color is elastin

A

Yellow

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25
Q

What are some characteristics of elastin and collagen

A

Sparsely vascularized, parallel fibers, and DCT in tendons and ligaments

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26
Q

True or False:

DCT require a longer resistance hold to lengthen than muscle

A

True

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27
Q

What do fibroblasts synthesize

A

Procollagen

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28
Q

What happens to procollagen

A

It is cleaved extracellularly to produce type I collagen

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29
Q

Which way is each polypeptide chain coiled

A

Left handed

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30
Q

How many alpha chains are coiled together in a right handed helix

A

3

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31
Q

What are cross links formed by

A

GAGs between collagen molecules

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32
Q

True or False:

All biological tissues posses viscoelastic properties

A

True

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33
Q

What would happen if low amount of elastin in tendon

A

Easy sprains

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34
Q

What would happen if large amount of elastin in tendon

A

Delayed muscle contractions

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35
Q

What has more elastin tendons or ligaments

A

Ligaments

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36
Q

Who found that there is 2:1 elastic to cartilage ratio in the ligamentum flavum

A

Nachemson and Evans

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37
Q

What does the 2:1 ratio of the ligamentum flavum do

A

Provides a preload to motion segments

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38
Q

Tissues increase their structural or functional capability in response to overloading (stimulus response)

A

Overload

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39
Q

What is the overall idea of overload

A

To make tissue you must stimulate the tissue

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40
Q

Specific stimulus for adaption elicits specific structural and functional changes in specific elements

A

Specificity

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41
Q

Specificity overall idea

A

Task specific (meets demands of the task)

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42
Q

discontinuing training stimulus will result in de-training and the adaptive changes regress

A

Reversibility

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43
Q

Reversibility overall idea

A

stop training leads to disuse atrophy

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44
Q

What does SAID stand for

A

Specific Adaptions to Induce Demands

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45
Q

True or False:

Too much or too little overload is bad

A

True

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46
Q

How do you strengthen cartilage

A

Compressive loads because it’s function is to resist compression

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47
Q

What is the property of a material or structure to return to its original form following removal of deforming load

A

Elasticity

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48
Q

Overall idea of elasticity

A

An object will stretch and then return back to its original state

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49
Q

What is the property of a material to deform permanently when its loaded beyond its plastic range

A

Plasticity

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50
Q

Overall idea of plasticity

A

Property of an object to stretch and maintain the shape

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51
Q

What is the property of a material to resist loads that produce shear, controls fluid rate of flow

A

Viscosity

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52
Q

True or False:

Viscosity is the solid property and elastic materials is the fluid property

A

False

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53
Q

When is energy released and stored

A

Released: during unloading
Stored: during loading

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54
Q

True or False:

Higher rate forces do not have time to dissipate rapidly through the cracks

A

True

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55
Q

True or False:

Low rate forces also do not have time to dissipate rapidly through the cracks

A

False

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56
Q

Which results in more tissue damage low rate or high rate

A

High rate

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57
Q

What is the creep phenomenon

A

Load is suddenly applied and then held constant over time

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58
Q

What load

A

Stress

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59
Q

What is deformation

A

Strain

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60
Q

True or False:

Deformation reaches equilibrium

A

True

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61
Q

Stress relaxation is a constant what

A

Strain

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62
Q

During stress relaxation and creep what is held constant

A

Deformation

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63
Q

True or False:

The force required to maintain deformation decreases overtime

A

True

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64
Q

What happens during cyclic loading

A

Tissue stretches and returns back to original

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65
Q

Is cyclic loading elasticity or plasticity

A

Elasticity

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66
Q

What happens to the load overtime

A

The load required to lengthen the tissue decreases

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67
Q

How do you get greater ROM but not stretching

A

Golgi tendon organ stimulation and heating up tissue

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68
Q

Elongation is what

A

Strain or deformation

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69
Q

What is all about plasticity

A

Hysteresis

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70
Q

What does the area under the hysteresis curve represent

A

Energy or heat loss during change

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71
Q

What does the bottom of the stress strain curve equal

A

Toe region

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72
Q

What does the middle of the stress strain curve equal

A

Elastic zone

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73
Q

What does the almost top region equal in the stress strain curve

A

Yield point/yield stress

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74
Q

What does the tippy top of the stress strain curve equal

A

Rupture

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75
Q

What is the toe region

A

Straightening out the fibers, takes a little load to straighten

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76
Q

What is the elastic zone

A

If you keep a tissue in this zone and release it will go back to the original state

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77
Q

What is the yield point/stress zone

A

Load at which it will not be elastic and will be plastic

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78
Q

What is the rupture zone

A

Point where rupture of tissue would occur

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79
Q

What is the plastic zone

A

The area between the yield point/stress zone and rupture zone

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80
Q

What happens if you spend too much time in the elastic zone

A

Atrophy

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81
Q

What happens if you spend too much time in the yield point/yield stress

A

Wear and tear

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82
Q

How does tendon loading differ from other CT

A

It is attached to skeletal muscle

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83
Q

What does muscles and tendons being in series mean

A

You pull on the tendon you pull on the muscle

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84
Q

Where do muscle strains most commonly occur

A

Myotendinous junction

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85
Q

How much stronger is the tensile strength of tendon when compared to muscle

A

twice

86
Q

What is more common muscle rupture or tendon rupture

A

Muscle rupture

87
Q

Normal tendon loading is typically what percent of the actual load a tendon can resist

A

5-10%

88
Q

What are the 3 layers of a tendon

A
  1. Paratenon
  2. Eiptenon
  3. Endotenon
89
Q

What is the layer directly covers the tendon

A

Paratenon

90
Q

What is continuous with the perimysium and periosteum

A

Endotenon

91
Q

What is synovial tissue only in high friction locations

A

Epitenon

92
Q

Is epitenon found in every tendon

A

NO

93
Q

What are fibers that come down into the bone from the tendon

A

Sharpey’s fibers

94
Q

What happens to the body’s ability to retain water as we age

A

It decreases

95
Q

What does the decreased ability to retain water lead to

A

increased tissue stiffness

96
Q

What is the most common way a patient will strain a muscle

A

eccentrically

97
Q

What age group is most likely to tear their achillies tendon

A

35 to 55 year old males

98
Q

What phase of healing corresponds to remodeling

A

Maturation

99
Q

What phase of healing corresponds with cellular reaction

A

Inflammatory

100
Q

What phase of healing corresponds with collagen synthesis

A

Proliferation

101
Q

True or False:

Mobilization of a tissue should occur as early as possible and does not need to be controlled

A

False

102
Q

True or False:

We need controlled rest of the specific joint in question not the surrounding joints

A

True

103
Q

What does immobilization in tendons do

A

Reduces water content, PG content and strength

104
Q

What does reducing water in the tendons do

A

Increase stiffness, decrease compliance, and increase strain

105
Q

How long does it take immobilization of ACL to weaken bone-ligament-bone complex

A

8 weeks

106
Q

When is tendon softening most pronounced with immobilization

A

1-2 weeks

107
Q

What are the thingsto remember about the myotendinous junction (3)

A
  1. Adhesion
  2. Force transmission
  3. Force must not exceed strength of interface and adhesion
108
Q

What is failure at epiphysis

A

Pre-epiphyseal closure

109
Q

What is failure at the myotendinous junction

A

Post-epiphyseal closure

110
Q

What tear of bone ligament bone are most common in adults

A

Midsubstance tear

111
Q

What does the pre-epiphyseal closure represent

A

Growing years

112
Q

What does the post-epiphyseal closure represent

A

Growth is done

113
Q

What do you need to remember force stretching connective tissue (5)

A
  1. Optimal intensity
  2. Duration
  3. Temperature
  4. Timing/sequencing
  5. Frequency
114
Q

What must be present to prescribe exercise (4)

A
  1. Mode
  2. Intensity
  3. Frequency
  4. Duration
115
Q

What is the most appropriate duration of loading peri-articular DCT

A

Low load for several minutes (5 or more)

116
Q

What do nonthrust manipulations do (3)

A
  1. Enhance synovial fluid
  2. Stimulate mechanoreceptors which inhibit nociceptors
  3. Enhance mobility
117
Q

What is the optimal duration for muscle lengthening

A

30 seconds

118
Q

What must be done to insure lengthening occurs during the 30 seconds

A

Move further into the stretch as time goes away

119
Q

What is the general frequency of exercises

A

2-3 or 3-5 times a day 7 days a week

120
Q

Example of how altering tissue temperature can lead to change in lengthen

A

Heat up tissue and stretch then cryotherapy to freeze it in place

121
Q

Parameters for strength

A

6-12 reps

3-5 sets

122
Q

Parameters for endurance

A

20-30 reps

3-5 sets

123
Q

Parameters for tendon

A

30-40 reps

3-5 sets

124
Q

Parameters for ligament

A

1000’s of reps

125
Q

Parameters for cartilage

A

Hours of reps

126
Q

Who set the standards for these parameters

A

American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

127
Q

True or False:

The most important reps are the fatigue/burn reps

A

True

128
Q

True or False:

Cartilage is avascular, aneural, and has a low metabolic rate

A

True

129
Q

What does cartilage being aneural mean

A

Don’t feel it

130
Q

What does cartilage being avascular and having a low metabolic rate mean

A

Slow healing

131
Q

What are the fiber orientations of cartilage from top down

A

Surface: Thin horizontal fibers
Middle: Tangential fibers
Bottom: Vertical fibers

132
Q

What does shear force do to the top layer of cartilage

A

Causes them to thin and wear away

133
Q

What is the thickest possible cartilage

A

5mm

134
Q

What happens to the superficial layer of cartilage as we age

A

We lose it from wear and tear

135
Q

What are the uncalcified layers of cartilage

A

Middle and Deep

136
Q

What is the tide mark

A

Demarkation between uncalcified and calcified cartilage

137
Q

True or False:

The tide mark advances with age

A

True

138
Q

True or False:

As we age cancellous bone enlarges pushing the tide mark further up

A

True

139
Q

If cartilage can’t feel anything how does osteoporosis cause pain

A

Cartilage isn’t able to stop all of the compression so some of the force is sent to the bone which causes pain

140
Q

What do chondrocytes do

A

Make and secrete matrix inhibiting cell to cell contact

141
Q

What is the most important characteristic of cartilage

A

Fluid component

142
Q

What happens to water content and PG content as you go deeper into tissue

A

Water content decreases and PG content increases

143
Q

What is the solid component of cartilage

A

Porous, permeable matrix of type II collagen and PG

144
Q

Does the solid component of cartilage have an extremely high or low permeability coefficient

A

Low

145
Q

What does a low permeability coefficient mean

A

Slow influx and eflux of fluid

146
Q

What is an anisotropic tissue

A

Solid and semisolid materials (Heterogeneous CT)

147
Q

Do anisotropic tissues tolerate forces in all directions

A

No

148
Q

True or False:

We respond to the forces imparted on us

A

True

149
Q

What is chondroomalasia

A

Softening of cartilage

150
Q

What is an isotropic tissue

A

Materials display the same mechanical behavior despite the direction of the forces (resist forces in all directions)

151
Q

What is an example of an isotropic tissue

A

Steel

152
Q

Are isotropic tissues homogeneous or heterogeneous

A

Homogeneous

153
Q

Where does the stress develop in articular cartilage

A

Collagen-PG solid matrix

154
Q

What generates the frictional drag in articular cartilage

A

Interstial fluid flow through the matrix

155
Q

Why is frictional drag good in articular cartilage

A

Slows down the compression force

156
Q

What is an indicator of tissue permeability

A

Rate of creep

157
Q

What type of pores result in low permeability and high friction to flow

A

Small pores

158
Q

True or False:

Compression further reduces pore sizes

A

True

159
Q

True or False:

The volume of fluid stays constant in joint cavity

A

True

160
Q

What happens as you go from sitting to standing

A

Fluid is forced through the small pores

161
Q

Why does movement of fluid in joint cavity need to be cyclic

A

To get rid of waste

162
Q

What is the mode for cartilage training

A

Cyclic loading

163
Q

True or False:

It is very unlikely to have bone on bone contact

A

True

164
Q

True or False:

Load and permeability have an indirect relationship

A

True

165
Q

What happens to the macromolecules of cartilage as we age (3)

A
  1. Decreased aggregation
  2. Decreased GAG content
  3. Shorter chains
166
Q

Structural modifications may be linked to what

A

Changes in chondrocyte synthetic function

167
Q

What does pH decreasing cause

A

Decreased charge groups, which results in decreased repulsive force

168
Q

What does increased [salt] cause

A

Increase positively charge molecules resulting in charge shielding, and decreasing repulsive force

169
Q

What is the biphasic creep response in compression (3)

A
  1. Rapid initial exudation of fluid from articular surface
  2. Collagen and PGs resist the creep created by the compressive load
  3. Fluid exudation occurs until deformation equilibrium is reached
170
Q

Why does rapid initial exudation of fluid occur

A

Because the load came on rapidly and pores didn’t have time to get smaller

171
Q

What causes deformation to be in equilibrium

A

pore size getting smaller with time

172
Q

How long does it take for cessation of fluid flow to occur

A

4-16 hours

173
Q

What is biphasic stress relaxation response (2)

A
  1. Stress is increased until a given deformation is reached and deformation/strain is maintained
  2. Stress decreases under constant strain until equilibrium stress is reached
174
Q

What is fluid redistribution responsible for

A

Tissue stress relaxation

175
Q

Rapid redistribution of load throughout tissue reduces what

A

Peak stresses

176
Q

What is PG washout

A

Lose PG as we age, which decreases the repulsive nature of PGs

177
Q

What does PG washout result in

A

Pore size to be greater and shock absoprtion decreases

178
Q

What are the 2 types of articular cartilage lubrication systems

A
  1. Boundary

2. Fluid

179
Q

What lubrication system is each load bearing surface is coated with lubricin (2 surfaces don’t touch)

A

Boundary

180
Q

When is the boundary lubrication system most effective

A

Low loads, low speeds, long durations

181
Q

What lubrication system is a film of fluid interposed between 2 joint surfaces

A

Fluid

182
Q

What are the 4 types of fluid lubrication

A
  1. Hydrostatic
  2. Hydrodynamic
  3. Squeeze Film
  4. Elastohydrodynamic
183
Q

What is hydrostatic lubrication

A

Film of lubrication that is maintained under pressure and occurs when you aren’t moving

184
Q

Hydrostatic lubrication occurs with what type of force

A

Non parallel force

185
Q

When is hydrostatic lubrication most effective

A

High loads

186
Q

What is hydrodynamic lubrication

A

Wedge of fluid is created when non parallel opposing surfaces slide on one another

187
Q

What does hydrodynamic lubrication cause

A

Lifting pressure occurs in wedge and increased viscosity keep surfaces apart

188
Q

What is an example of hydrodynamic lubrication

A

Hydroplaning

189
Q

What is squeeze film lubrication

A

Pressure created in fluid film by surfaces moving that are perpendicular to one another

190
Q

When is squeeze film lubrication most effective

A

High loads and short duration

191
Q

What type of force causes squeeze film lubrication

A

Perpendicular orientation

192
Q

What happens during squeeze film lubrication

A

Fluid is squeezed out which increases viscosity of fluid

193
Q

What is elastohydrodynamic lubrication

A

Fluid film is maintained at a uniform thickness by elastic deformation of articular surfaces and adequate layer of fluid remains

194
Q

What are the 3 types of aberrant lubrication systems

A
  1. Adhesive wear
  2. Abrasive wear
  3. Fatigue wear
195
Q

What is adhesive wear

A

Osteochondritis dessicans

196
Q

What is osteochondritis dessicans

A

Complete or incomplete separation of a portion of cartilage and bone

197
Q

What is abrasive wear

A

Joint mouse (loose body) irritation

198
Q

What is a way to think of abrasive wear

A

Rocks in dryer

199
Q

What is fatigue wear

A

PG washout, aging, DJD

200
Q

True or False:

Any of the 5 lubrication systems can occur in any joint

A

True

201
Q

What are some causes of loss of PG matrix (6)

A
  1. Prolonged immobilization
  2. NSAIDS
  3. Trauma
  4. Surgery
  5. Infection
  6. Aging
202
Q

Loss of PG matrix can be reversible dependent upon degree and duration

A

True

203
Q

What layers does softening occur in for chondromalacia

A

3 and 4

204
Q

What does softening occurring in layer 3 and 4 mean

A

Visualization of pathology is difficult

205
Q

Too much stress equals what

A

DJD

206
Q

Too little stress equals what

A

Chondromalacia

207
Q

What is the intensity for intervention of articular cartilage growth (3)

A
  1. Pain as a guide
  2. Edema or effusion as a guide
  3. Full body weight loading may be excessive
208
Q

What is the duration/frequency for articular cartilage

A

High repetition (100’s-1000’s) of cyclic loading

209
Q

What is the mode of intervention for articular cartilage

A

Attempt to mimic function and minimize combinations of shear and compression (closed chain exercises)

210
Q

What are the functions of bone (4)

A
  1. Protection for internal function
  2. Rigid levers for attachment
  3. Harbors hemopoietic tissue
  4. Resevoir for calcium, phosphate, and other ions
211
Q

What are the key features of bone structure (4)

A
  1. Highly vascular
  2. Innervated
  3. Dynamic CT
  4. Capable of repair and remodeling
212
Q

True or False:

You are constantly laying down bone and reabsorbing it

A

True

Kinesio (11 decks)

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