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DT > Timbers Section > Flashcards

Timbers Section Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hardwood

A

A wood taken from deciduous trees such as oak

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2
Q

Properties of deciduous trees

A

They lose their leaves in winter
Made of hardwood
Grow very slowly (some take over 100 years)

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3
Q

Properties of Birch

A

Sandy coloured wood with a smooth easy grain

It has a low resistence to rot and insect attack

Common uses:

Veneers → surafces cheaper materials that are used for indoor use (furniture

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4
Q

Properties of ash

A

Strong tough flexible hardwood that finishes well

Low resistance to rot and insect attacks

Common uses
Handles for tools / sports equipment / ladders

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5
Q

Properties of jelutong

A

Hardwood
Even close grain → easy to cut

Soft and not very strong

Common uses
Making models moulds or vacuum forming

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6
Q

What are softwoods

A

Wood that comes from coniferous trees

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7
Q

What are coniferous trees like

A

They are made of softwood
They have needle like leaves that are not lost in winter
Seeds in a cone
Grow quickly - around 30 years

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8
Q

Properties of larch

A

Softwood

Tough and durable → resistant to water.
Can be left untreated outside → fades to a silvery grey

It costs more than most softwoods

Common uses:
Small boats + exterior cladding on buildings

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9
Q

What is manufactured timber

A

A board of wood that has different properties to regular softwoods and hardwoods

Often large thin sheets

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10
Q

What is chipboard → properties / pros /cons

A

Wood chips mixed together with glue and pressed into flat sheets.

Uses waste materials so it is cheap

Not much natural strength especially in damp conditions

The surface is very rough so usually its plastic coated

Common uses
Kitchen tops
Chep flat pack furniture

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11
Q

Where are softwoods and hardwoods found

A

Hardwoods are mostly found in temperate climates like europe
Softwoods are found in colder regions

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12
Q

What are surface finishes /treatments

A

A material that fills the pours in wood making it water resistant and changing its appearance

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13
Q

Description of surface finish / advantages / disadvantages

Painting

A

Coloured pigment in a liquid that dries out

A
Available in a range of colours

D
Covers the woods natural grain

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14
Q

Description of surface finish / advantages / disadvantages

Staining

A

A coloured liquid that soaks into the wood surface

A
Makes a pale coloured wood like pine darker to mimic more expensive woods like oak or mahogany

D
Doesnt look fully like another wood as the grain still shows

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15
Q

Description of surface finish / advantages / disadvantages

Varnishing

A

A clear coating that dries to a shine

A
Can be high gloss or a matte finish
Hard Wearing finish that shows the woods grain

D
Can scratch / chip and expose the wood

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16
Q

Description of surface finish / advantages / disadvantages

Wax

A

A soft solid that is rubbed into the surface with a cloth

A
Easy to apply
Gives a plain natural look

D
Surface feels oily

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17
Q

Description of surface finish / advantages / disadvantages

Shellac

A

A cloudy liquid made from a resin secreted by a beetle

Lots of layers are rubbed on and polished to create a finish called french polish

A
Traditionally used on expensive furniture for its glossy lustre

D
Easily damaged by heat or watet

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18
Q

Description of surface finish / advantages / disadvantages

Veneering

A

A thin layer of wood glued onto a surface

A
Expensive decorative wood like mahogany can be placed onto a cheaper wood like pine

D
The veneer is still natural wood so it will need a finnish applied

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19
Q

What are knots (in wood)

A

A knot appears where a branch had grown out of the wood

As it causes the grain to swirl around that area of the wood is harder to cut than others

Knots can also fall out, leaving holes in the wood

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20
Q

What is the grain of wood

A

Fibres that run the length of a tree trunk that give it strength and make distinctive patterns

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21
Q

What is wood seasoning

A

Drying out timber to below 18% water content

Seasoned timber has increased strength and is less likely to warp

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22
Q

What is the impact of logging on local communities

A

In many areas e.g. the amazon logging is poorly managed

It often pushes people away from their ancestral homes, leaving them nowhere to live

It also destroys traditional ways of life

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23
Q

What is trend forecasting

A

A method manufactures / investors use to predict what people will want in the future - so that they can design products

An example of this is the use of softwoods from more sustainable sources
Another is the use of manufactured boards in construction

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24
Q

How is timber reused / recycled / disposed

A

Timber is biodegradable so will rot away over time
Manufactured boards are often harder to dispose of (as they are covered in plastic)

Timber can be disposed of by burning to create heat
It is also reused to make manufactyred boards

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25
Q

What is an ecological footprint

A

The amount of / effect of the environment required to produce goods and services to support a particular lifestyle

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26
Q

What is sustainable timber

A

The idea that there are always trees available to be used

When one tree is cut down the same type is replanted

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27
Q

How does processing wood effect its environmental impact (and what is it/

A

It will be sawn out into planks and dried out (seasoning)

Seasoning can be done through kiln drying which uses energy, adding to the ecological footprint of timber

28
Q

How is timber transported

A

Timber is typically transported on lorries which produce large amounts of fossil fuel

A more sustainable method is floating wood down a river

29
Q

What wastage is made in farming timber

A

Small parts of the tree such as leaves and branches will be left to rot / burn

More frequently - part of trees such as the trunks and branches are being used to make manufactured boards

30
Q

What pollution is caused by the farming of timber

A

Trees absorb co2 and release o2

When trees are cut down / burnt they release co2 back into the atmosphere adding to the greenhouse effect.

Co2 is also released in the transportation of timber (burning of fossil fuels)

31
Q

What is seasoning

A

A process where timber is dried (10-20% water reduction)

Seasoned timber has an increased strength, resitance to decay and stability, meaning it is less likely to warp (bend)

It is either dried in air for a few years (up to 18% reduction)

Or it is dried in a kiln where hot air is pumped around the wood. This dries the wood faster (a few weeks) but less water is removed 12%

32
Q

What is upcycling

A

Repairing / reusing old products to make a new one
Sometimes only parts of the old product are used

33
Q

What effects the availability of timber

A

Costs - as more timber is used / farmed the availability of it decreases causing costs to rise

Hurricanes / storms / disease - destroys trees by infecting them / blowing them over

34
Q

Benefits of using stock sizes

A

Stock sizes are mass produced
This means waste and cost are reduced
Time making is also reduced

35
Q

What effects the cost of timber

A

Quality of material - higher grade timber is more expensive
Timber that is less warped / has less knots will be cheaper

Manufacturing - using stock sizes and standard components reduces the overall cost of manufacturing making a product cheaper

36
Q

What effects the cost of timber

A

Quality of material - higher grade timber is more expensive
Timber that is less warped / has less knots will be cheaper

Manufacturing - using stock sizes and standard components reduces the overall cost of manufacturing making a product cheaper

37
Q

What cultural / ethical factors should be included in a product

A

Avoiding offence - emg using symbols or words that may offend people

Sustainability for intended market - products should be designed for specific ages (understanding needs of the user)

The consumer society - many companies try to sell things that we do not need - this is very environmentally unfriendly and could cause many problems

38
Q

What is built in product obsolescence

A

Manufacturers deliberately make products which fail after a specific time, and the parts cannot be replaced

These products typically have a short life span and are built to be replaced

39
Q

Effects of mass production (on making timbers)

A

Significantly cheaper than getting carpenters to do it

More can be made in a shorter time (inside large factories)

Manual workers have lost their jobs to machines

40
Q

What is lamination

A

Process of bonding several thin layers together to make a thicker material

41
Q

How are products reinforced to combat forces applied on it

A

Many products will be strengthened using frame structures

These can be reinforced by:
Putting thin panels in the frame
Adding a diagonal strut / triangles across each corner

42
Q

What are braces and tie bars used for

A

They are placed diagonally across a frame to strengthen it

43
Q

Why are composite materials added to wooden products

A

To improve their properties and strengthen them.

E.g. adding fibreglass to wooden beams makes them more waterproof

44
Q

What are regular sections

A

Stock sized pieces of timber that are sold in specific shapes / sizes

This is done by sawmills for convenience (limited sizes have to be cut)

45
Q

What are mouldings

A

Lengths of timber cut into regular decorative shapes
They are made for specific purposes such as skirting boards.
They save time for manufacturers but can be expensive

46
Q

What are dowles

A

Small stock sized wooden rods
They have many uses, from making models to strengthening simple joints

They require accurate drilling of holes to use

47
Q

What are sheets

A

Manufactured boards that come in est sizes / thickness

They are available in large sizes but are relatively difficult to cut + edges often splinter

48
Q

What does PAR mean

A

It stands for planned all round

All four surfaces of the material have been ‘planned’ and the edges are rounded, making them safer to use

49
Q

What does PSE mean

A

Planned square edge

All four surfaces are planned but the edges are left square

50
Q

What is routing

A

A process using a tool called a router to make straight slits in wood

It quickly removes wood and has many different sizes
If cutting larger bits of wood it could be possible to burn the timber

51
Q

What are mortisers

A

A machine that creates a square hole on a piece of timber.

It uses a round center chisel to drill a round hole and then a square chisel cuts out the corners to make a square

It is very fast but requires accurate marking out to get the exact sizes required

52
Q

What is a bag press

A

A bag which is sealed and has air sacked out of it.

A mould is placed inside along with laminates.

When the air is sucked out the laminates will be stuck to the mold

53
Q

One of production

A

One product made at a time / to test an idea

No set up cost, made with existing equipment, products can be customised to the users needs.

Slow, so expensive to make several

54
Q

Batch production

A

Several copies of the same product made at one time

Jigs, templates and moulds are used to speed up the process and can be kept for further use
Special machinery is not needed

Labour intensive (expensive to make)
Takes time to make jigs / templates

55
Q

Mass production

A

Factory machinery set up to make loads of identical products

Makes a product quickly and cheaply

Machinery is expensive

56
Q

Continuous production

A

Factory machinery making the same thing 24/7

Makes the product very quickly and very cheaply

Machinery is very expensive to set up (not worth making small quantities of product)

57
Q

What are jigs

A

An object that can be placed over a piece of work to guide drilling / sawing.

It is a quick way to make accurate cuts in the correct place

58
Q

What is a dixture

A

An object which holds the work in place while making it

59
Q

What is a pattern (templates)

A

Term used to refer to the collection of templates used to make the complete product.

One pattern can result in many accurate products, If the template is accurate

60
Q

What are templates

A

A cut out shape you can draw around to mark out the shape you want. They can be wingle use or multiple use

They allow shapes to be marked out quickly / efficiently

However if the template is not accurate, the product will not be accurate

61
Q

What is sub-assembly

A

Using components that are built to a uniform specification to add to a larger product

Sub-assembled products can easily be replaced and are always quality tested

62
Q

What is quality control

A

A system used to ensure all manufactured products are good enough for sale (e.g.correct size and weight)

Through the products manufacturing it is inspected to ensure that it is correct
The more complex a product is, the more sampling will take place

63
Q

How is Computer aided manufavture used

A

Uses a computer to guide cutters on a CNC machine (computer numerically controlled)

It has high initial costs but is very accurate
Training may also be required

64
Q

What is working within tolerance

A

Products are always manufactured within a tolerance. This is a range of sizes that makes the parts accessible

The designer must specify the tolerance

Tolerances ensure that all parts of a product will fit together, even if the sizes are not the exact measurements

Tolerance is checked in quality + control

65
Q

How is waste minimised in production

A

By using efficient and accurate cutting techniques (e.g templates)

This is important as material is expensive + wasting it has a high impact on the environment

Designing parts to fit perfectly can also help reduce waste

66
Q

Gove example of CNC machines

A

CNC routers
Milling machines
Laser cutters

Factories also use large machinery controlled by computers

DT (10 decks)

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