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Core Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

Why are different production techniques used based on the product

A

To manage the cost
To manafacture efficiently

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2
Q

Example / Description / pros + cons

Standardised design and components

A

E.g Electronic components

An individual part manufactured in bulk to an internationally accepted standard
This is done as the same components can be used over many designs

P-
Saves cost
Consistent quality
Speeds up devlopment

D-
Difficult to customise
Quality of product may suffer

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3
Q

Example / Description / pros + cons

Just in time (JIT)

A

E.g On demand publishing (greeting cards)

Computerised stock control ensures that parts are received exactly when needed
The parts can go directly to the production site (not stored)

P-
Reduces waste → increases efficiency
Allows production time changes to meet demands

C-
Fewer bulk buying discounts
Break in the supply chain holds up production

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4
Q

Example / Description / pros + cons

Lean manufacturing

A

A way of reducing waste in design, manufacturing, distribution and customer services

E.g eliminating overproduction / minimising defects

P-
Multi skilled teams are responsible for 1 part of the process. This improves production as skills can be shared

C-
Time consuming analysis
Disruptive change to existing process

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5
Q

Example / Description / pros + cons

Batch production

A

E.g Limited print books

A set number of products manufactured in limited quantities for a limited time

P-
Could lower capital costs
Reduces inventory / storage space

C-
Downtime when reconfiguring production system
Lower production efficiency (less is made)

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6
Q

Example / Description / pros + cons

Continuous production

A

Manufacturing high demand products 24 hours per day

E.g materials such as glass sheets

P-
Removes cost of stopping and starting the production line
Materials can be cheaper when bought in higher quantities

C-
Automation can lead to staff redundancy
High-Capital input
A fault in production can hault the whole process

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7
Q

Example / Description / pros + cons

One off production

A

A single unique product made by skilled workers

E.g specialist furniture

P-
High quality products

C-
Production times are longer
Product is more expensive as production is labour intensive + material cost is higher

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8
Q

Example / Description / pros + cons

Mass production

A

E.g. toy manufacture

Efficiently and consistently producing many products at a low cost per unit
Automated with parts added to the product in a sequence

P-
Materials can be cheaper in high quantities

C-
High initial set-up costs
Repetitive
If a production line breaks manufacturing is halted

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9
Q

What are enterprises

A

A business
Started by someone who shows initiative by taking a risk to set it up

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10
Q

What is crowd-funding

A

A method of raising funds from many people for an enterprise via online platforms

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11
Q

Effects of new and emerging technologies on :

Industry

A

-Costs can be cut as more efficient manufacturing methods are found
-Human error is decreased
-products are brought to the market quicker

  • Reduce the need for manual input which leads to unemployment
  • employees will have to learn new skills, e.g. looking after the machines
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12
Q

What is demographic movement

A

The way in which a populations structure changes

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13
Q

What is sustainability

A

The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future

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14
Q

Effects of new and emerging technologies on

Environmental Transport costs

A

Transport costs are high as diesel lorries release high amounts of CO2 and make multiple trips

-using electric vehicles or trains
-making fewer journeys / establishing distribution centres with good links
- designing lighter and more compact packaging for products so more can fit into the carrier

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15
Q

Effects of new and emerging technologies on

Waste

A

Waste is often caused due to manufacturing inefficiencies - but can be easily minimised

Reduce - lower wate produced by using computer controlled machines to minimise cut offs

Reuse - Products that would otherwise become waste can be reused, such as empty ink cartridges

Recycle - Using the raw materials from a product again. Some new plastics can be melted down and reformed

Recovering - Recovering wasted energy generated in factories. This could be heat energy which could be reused as fuel elsewhere

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16
Q

What is automation

A

Using control systems to operate equipment

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17
Q

What is the internet of things (IoT)

A

A system of interrelated devices that are connected via the internet

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18
Q

Examples of the internet of things

A

A homes heating system or washing machine can be programmed remotely by an app - saves time in sekecting settingss

Cameras can be placed in homes or outdoors. This can monitor movements of people (checking if elderly people are ok OR accepting packages when not in)

Electric plug sockets or lights can monitor when in use → this can be useful in showing your daily routine or seeing where energy is being used

Smart appliences can be activated using voice → making things easier

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19
Q

How it is converted into energy / advantages / disadvantages

Coal

A

Heat energy and hot gases convert water into steam which powers a turbine to generate high - voltage electricity

Can be used as a dometic heat source

A-
Reliable + relatively cheap to extract and convert.
Stable, large scale electricity production

N-
Coal mining has impacts on the landscape
Technologies to reduce coal power plant emissions are expensive
Emits pollution - CO2, sulfur….

Non renewable

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20
Q

How it is converted into energy / advantages / disadvantages

Oil

A

Can be split into petroleum products such as
Petrol, paraffin and diesel
Oil can be burnt to heat water → produces steam to propel turbine blades and produce electricity

A-
Relatively cheap to extract and convert
Stable large scale / high power electricity generation

N-
Oil power plants are highly polluting
Oil exploration impacts the landscape.
Extraction risks environmental disasters

Non - renewable

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21
Q

What are non renewable energy sources

A

Fossil fuels that were formed from the remains of animals and plants that lived millions of years ago

They cannot be replenished quickly and will eventually run out

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22
Q

How it is converted into energy / advantages / disadvantages

Gas

A

Burning gas can power turbines, the waste heat can power a steam turbine
Natural gas is used in homes for cooking

Its combustion emits half the CO2 emissions as coal

A-
cleaner than coal or oil
Relatively cheap
Stable large scale / high power electricity production

N-
Burning gasses are highly polluting

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23
Q

What is renewable energy

A

Energy that is made from natural resources that are not in a limited supply

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24
Q

How it is converted into energy / advantages / disadvantages

Biomass

A

Organic material such as wood, landfill gasses and rubbish
Can be used directly via combustion to produce heat or convert to electricity

A-
Waste from plants and farming can be used

D-
Emits fumes that add to global warming
Large areas are needed to cultivate crops

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25
How it is converted into energy / advantages / disadvantages Biodiesel
Made from natural elements such as plants, fermented waste, cooking oil Can be used in diesel powered vehicles without modifying the vehicle A- Does not give off harmful chemicals Uses plant waste D- Large area needed to cultivate crops
26
How it is converted into energy / advantages / disadvantages Tidal
Turbines generate electricity from the movement of tidal water Artificial tide barrages can be constructed across tidal rivers bays and estuaries. The water is trapped and then released through the turbines A- Tides are predictable and stable Powerful + no emissions Barrages have a secondary purpose as a bridge D- Lower energy output than fossil fuels Large barrages may have an ecological impact Expensive to build + only available in costal areas
27
How it is converted into energy / advantages / disadvantages Wind
Wind turbines use propeller blades which spin a shaft to create electricity in a generator A- Freely available Can be used in remote areas No emissions D- Could restrict shipping traffic when placed in the sea Wind can be unpredictable Expensive to set up Effectiveness of power generation depends on the location
28
How it is converted into energy / advantages / disadvantages Solar
Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity Solar thermal power plants use the suns rays to heat a fluid that is transported through pipes transferring heat to water, producing steam Steam is then converted into mechanical energy using a turbine A- Reliable in warm countries Homes can have their own electricity supply More is produced in stronger sunshine D- Expensive to set up Could change ecology if solar farms replace regular farms Effectiveness of power depends on location
29
How it is converted into energy / advantages / disadvantages Hydro electric
A dam traps water that flows through tunnels and turbines to make electricity A- Large amounts of low cost power Can have a secondary purpose - a water reserve D- Expensive to set up Construction may damage the environment
30
What are the 3 classes of levers and how can you tell which each one is
Class 1 - load fulcrum effort Class 2 - effort load fulcrum Class 3 - load effirt fulcrum FLE - 123 Whichever is in the middle tells you what class the lever is
31
How do you calculate mechanical advantage
Load / effort
32
What is a velocity ratio + how do you calculate it
The ratio of distance the effort has to move compared to the load in a given time = Distance moved by effort ÷ distance moved by load
33
How do you calculate efficiency of a lever
Mechanical advantage ÷ velocity ratio × 100 It is a percentage value
34
What are linkages
Levers that allow forces and motion to be transmitted in a certain way E.g by reversing the movement
35
What is a bell crank
Class 1 lever Transmits motion 90° to allow an input force to be transmitted around a corner Emg bike brakes
36
What is a reverse motion linkage
A class 1 lever that reverses the motion of an input Emg windscreen wipers
37
What is a cam
A mechanism that converts rotary motion into reciprocation or oscillating (up + down / back + forth) movement
38
What is a follower
A device that follows the movement of a cam profile to provide a desired output in a connecting part
39
What are the main 3 types of cams
Pear shaped Eccentric / circular Drop (snail)
40
What does a pear shaped cam do + e.g
Motionless for the first half of a cycle The object then rises and falls E.g valve engines in a car
41
What does a circular cam do + e.g
Smooth continuous movement (as the follower rises and falls) E.g steam engines
42
What does a drop cam do
Gives a slow rise with its spiral cross section and then suddenly drops Used in hammers / punches or machines needing a sudden drop
43
What are the main 3 types of followers
Roller Knife edge Flat
44
When is a roller (follower) used
When high speeds are required such as in engines Rolling motion reduces friction so it will wear better Has separate parts in the roller mechanism and contends with forces pushing them to the side
45
When is a knife edge (follower) used
Used when accuracy is required e.g in an embroidery machine Suffers from rapid rate of wear and contends with forces pushing them to the side
46
What is a flat (follower) used for
Used when higher load bearing capabilities are required such as in a steam engine Has reduced forces pushing it but still suffers from friction The larger surface area means it could rotate but has larger load carrying capabilities
47
How do pulleys and belts work
They transmit rotary motion from a driver shaft to a driven shaft and are drive mechanisms for tools like a pillar drill Motion is transferred by friction
48
What are v-belts
Shaped belts that increase the force transmitted The v-shape increases the gripping area by having slope sides This increases efficiency
49
What is the fair trade foundation
An organisation that aims to tackle poverty across the world Looks after the interests of farmers and producers in developing countries by ensuring they air paid a fair price for their goods Also looks at working conditions and tries to prevent child labour or enforced labour and discrimination by gender
50
What are carbon offsetting schemes
Schemes that allow companies or individuals to reduce their carbon footprint or become carbon neutral E.g by planting trees or adopting renewable energy sources
51
What is product disassembly
Process that allows products to be recycled and their parts reused Products can last longer as they can be upgraded When designing products companies could consider reducing the number of parts + labeling them for easy separation
52
How does waste disposal help the environment
Prevent materials from being irresponsibly dumped Ensures the waste has a minimum impact on the environment It is enforced by law at international, European, national and local levels
53
What is a life cycle analysis
A systematic inventory that assesses environmental impacts relating to every stage of a products life This makes it easuer to see what areas can be changedbto reduce costs and environmental impacts
54
What does the life cycle analysis look at
Environmental costs of a product form: Extraction Transportation Processing of raw materials Manufacture Transport of the product./ Distribution Use by the consumer Disposal
55
What is collaboration - design strategies
More perspectives and ideas can be generated for the design of a product They talk to other users or designers to spark their imagination
56
What is the design process known as SCAMPER (part of collaboration)
Subsitute - could you consider different materials / energy sources Combine - could you take successful parts from other ideas Adapt - could you incoperate a different function or make use of a different technology Modify - could you change the aesthetics shrink or modify it. Put - could you design more functions Eliminate - could you take away another part of your design Reverse - look at your design differently - think about it inside out / upside down
57
What is user centred design
Design that focuses on putting the needs of the user at the centre The users opinions must be considered at every stage of the design
58
What is systems thinking
Method used by designers to think about the functions of a product and how users interact with them These ideas can be shown through a flow chart This method looks carefully at how each part of the design contributes to its purpose
59
How can you use systems thinking
Break down the use of the product or system into simple stages Consider the different options at each stage Ask your user to describe the stages they would go through when owning a particular product
60
What is freehand sketching
A method of communicating ideas by drawing initial designs in detail Its a good way of getting ideas down on paper and can be done in both 3D and 2D When freehand sketching consider Different mediums - pen, pencil, fine liners, coloured pencils Grid paper or templates - a human figure outline can be useful to scale your products The use of arrows - an effective way to show movement within ideas (zooming in or out)
61
How Is digital photography / media used to create and develop design ideas
Using edited photos to present the vision of a product. E.g billboards Photos and images can also be used to help inspire designs, like in mood boards Images can also be traced and adapted into a new design
62
What are cut and paste techniques used for
A method of communicating ideas Images are cut and pasted to create a design of what they want their project to look like The existing photographs are often edited and developed on to create their own designs
63
What are 3D models / protoypes
Models of designs used to help the users visualise what the final product will look like Prototypes can be full scale or smaller versions of the product allowing it to be developed on This can be done through a variety of materials Traditional materials emg paper cardboard HIPS Small plastic building bricks Computer modelling, 3D printer models
64
What are the 4 main types of 3D drawing
Isometric Oblique One-point perspective Two-point perspective
65
How do you draw in oblique
Draw the front view in 2D From each corner draw construction lined at 45° On the construction kines measure half the reue length (in proportion to your drawring). Finish the project ensuring all lines are at 45°
66
How do you draw in isometric
Begin with the edge of your product as a straight vertical line Create your construction lines going off at 30° Fill in the next vertical lines. Draw the rest of your lines ensuring they are all 30°
67
What is orthographic view
Design drawing techniques that shows the details and measurements of different views / angles of the product
68
How do you create an orthographic projection
Draw the front view Side view Plan view (top) All in 2D You can use first or third angle projection
69
What is CAD freehand sketching
Using programmes such as 2D design or Adobe photoshop to draw out your initial design
70
What is CAD
Computer aided design
71
What is CAM (designs)
Computer aided manufacture E.g using a lers cutter for greater precision
72
Why is CAD becoming more common
It allows the design to appear more realistic and professional to users and investors
73
What is an exploded view
A disassembled drawing of a product demonstrating what is inside of it It shows how a product (e.g a shoe) is assembled
74
What is oscillating movement
Back and forth movement
75
What is reciprocating movement
Up and down movement
76
What are the advantages of using CAD
Component parts can be copied and pasted which speeds up the design process Materials can be coloured / surface textures can be applied this allows for more accurate drawings, so client feedback can be more specific Software can be linked to CNC machines to cut parts directly from the drawring
77
What is linear movement
Movement in a straight line
78
What is rotary movement
Movement around a central point (rotating)
79
What is the effort fulcrum and load
Effort - amount of force input by users Fulcrum - point at which the leaver pivots Load - force exerted by the load (output)
80
What are mechanisms
Devices that change one form of force into another
81
What are the three stages of cam movement
Rise - moves the follower up Fall - moves the follower down Dwell - the follower remains stationary
82
How do you calculate the velocity ratio of a pulley system
Driven pulley diameter (smaller) ÷ driver pulley diameter
83
How do you calculate the output speed of a gear
Output speed = initial speed ÷ gear ratio Gear ratio = teeth on driven gear ÷ teeth on driver gear
84
What are cranks and sliders
Mechanisms that convert rotary movement into reciprocating motion (or the other way round The 'crank' is circular and is the rotary motion The 'slider' is flat and the reciprocating movement The distance moved by the slider is twice the radius of the movement of the crank arm
85
What is a simple gear train
A train where two spur gears are meshed (placed together) on parallel shafts Simple gear chains reverse the driver gears movement so the driven gear will turn in a different dircetion
86
What is a compound gear train
Several pairs of meshing gears are combined to increase the velocity ratio if gears It has more than on gear on a shaft
87
How do you find the velocity ratio of compound gear trains
Velocity ratio of gear train 1 × velocity ratio of gear train 2
88
What is an idle gear
A gear that causes the driven gear and driver gear to rotate in the same direction (it is placed between them) It has no effect on the velocity ratio
89
What are revolutions per minute
The number of times devices make a full rotation on their axis in a minute
90
What are bevel gears
Specialist gears that transmit rotary motion through 90° They are used in hand drills
91
What are mitre gears
Bevel gears that are the same size (velocity ratio does not change)
92
What are rack and pinion gears
Gears that change rotary motion to linear (or vice versa) They are used in pillar drills The racks movement is determined by the number of teeth on the pinion (circular) gear and the number of teeth per meter on the track
93
How do you calculate the output movement of a rack and pinion gear
(Number of teeth on pinion ÷ number of teeth on track per meter) × 1m (This is for 1 rotation of the pinion gear)
94
What is a thermistor
A temperature dependent resistor. When it is hot the resistance is low When it is cold the resistance is high They have a low cost Need careful placement to be effective
95
What is a light dependent resistor
A resistor which changes resistance when light levels change Low light = low resistance They have a low cost but must be positioned carefully to work
96
What is a resistor
Component in a circuit that changes the resistance It is used to protect delicate components by preventing too much electricity from flowing through them It is available in a wide range of values but a circuit will not work if the wrong resistor is used

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