tıbbi biyoloji ing Flashcards
endoplasmic reticulum
ökaryotk hücrenn membranının yarısını er labirentleri oluşturur
labirent : branching tubules ve flattened sacs içerir
rough (granüllü) ve smooth (granülsüz)
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum SER
ribosome yok
tubular and form an interconnecting system of pipelines curving through cytoplasm ( dış kısımda sitoplazmaya yakın)
skeletal muscle, kidney tubules, steroid producin endocrine glands
functions of SER
1-lipid biosynthesis: central organelle for syntesis of phospholipid, cholesterol and ceramid
2-syntesis of steroid hormones: in the endocrine cells of the gonad and adrenal cortex
leyding-testis-testesteron
granulosa lutein-corpus luteum-progesteron
cortex-suprarenal gland- corticosteroid
3-contribution in metabolic functions: detoxification
enzimler toksik maddelere hidroksilasyon ile -oh ekleyip polarlaştırıyor, suda atılmaları kolaylaşıyor
4-sequestering calcium ions within the cisternal space: sarkolpasmic reticulum, Ca deposu
5-lipid transport: triglycerides oluşma yeri
main produced phospholipid of SER
phosphotidylcholine
main produced phospholipid of ER
phosphoglyceride
main produced phospholipid of golgi
sphingolipid
main produced phospholipid of mitochondria
cardiolipin
Von Gierke syndrome
patients can store glycogen but cant digest
hipoglycemia and enlargement in liver and heart
glycogen storage disease type 1 most common
type 1b: GGP transfer eden SER bozuk
type 1a: GGP sentezi sorunlu
rough endoplasmic reticulum
interconnected flattened sacs
protein folding diseases
functions of RER
1-the site of synthesis of secretory proteins 2-co translational targetting 3-modification of protein starts when polypeptide comes to RER lumen: proteolytic cleavage glycosylation folding 4- glycosylation: kimlik kazandırır dolichols and asparagine önemli n-ligt azot kısmına 5-protein folding: sekonder, terisyer yapıları kazandırır disulfide bond coupling two thiol groups
co-translational targetting
era gelmeden başlıyor, sinyal sekansıyla içeri era gidip sentez devam ediyor, burada 2, 3, yapılar kalanmayala oluşmaya başlıyor
the golgi complex
paketleme ve salglama modifiye ürünleri paketleuip gidecekleri yerler götürme 3 structre: cisternea transport vesciles condensed vacoules
polarity of golgi
ERa bakan cis yüz
işlemin tamamlanıp vezikül çıkan transyüz
functions of golgi
glycosylation sulfation sorting and packaging of proteins modifies n-linked oligosaccharides, adds o-linked oligosaccharides proteine son şekil formation of primary lysosomes
ER does ? linked glycosylation
N linked
golgi does ? linked glycosylation
O linked
why do they do glycosylation?
aids in proper protein folding
provides protection against proteases (lysosomal membrane proteins)
employed for signaling
cell-cell interaction
clathrin
vezikülleri kaplar yol gösterir
regüle eden endositoz
kontol edilir ihtiyaç olunca salınır
cop 2
erdan golgiye
cop1
golgiden era geli
kontrolsüz sürekli salınım
glikokaliks
hücreleri khidratla kaplıyor
hücre örtüsü
içerdeki proteini korur (lizozom)
sulfation in golgi
tyrosine sulfation
mucopolysaccharides
formation of primary lysosomes
vezikül+ mannoz 6 fosfat= lizozom olacak primer ypı
mannoz 6 fosfat reseptörlerdeki spesifiklği belirler
sorting and packaging of proteins in golgi
1-lysosomal pathway
2-constitutive secretion:to extracelluar space, plasma membrane proteins also used
3-regulated secretion: hormones, enzymes
lysosomes
contains enzymes: acid hydrolases
hücreiçi sindirim, golgide asit hidrolazlar paketlenir, primer lizozom
substratla birleşince: sekonder lizozom (aktif çalışan yolak)
içte glikokaliks korur
bis-fosfat: fosfolipitlerden daha dayanıklı lipidler membranında
H-ATPaz: asidik ortamı korur
lizozom substrat çeşitleri
bakteriler: fagositik
yaşlanmış hücreler: otolojik
endositozla alınan moleküller: endositik
lysosomal storage diseases
enzimler vs bozulur yapılar içinde birikir
mitochondria and functions
kendi sayısını şeklini toplanma bölgesini enerji nerde gerekliyse değişebilir her iç kıvrım: krista membran %80 protein %20 lipid oxidative phosphorylation uses pyruvate or fatty acids to energy gluconeogenesis urea synthesis in liver synthesis of heme small amount of steroid synthesis lipid synthesis
4 distinct compartments of mitochondria
1-outer membrane:large porins, lipid syntesis enzymes involved
2- intermembrane space: contains enzymes that uses newly made atp
3-inner membrane:cristae to maximize space, redox proteins, atp synthesis proteins, transport protein, contain cardiolipin
4-matrix:enzymes for krebs cycle rna dna ribozom
mitochondrial and nuclear DNA differences
mt: halkasal nüklear: lineer
mtde histone and intron yok nüklearda var
mt dna anneden gelir, mutasyona hastalıklara açık
intron
proteine dönüşmeyen gen bölgesi
gen düzenler
alternatif kırpılma
peroxisome and functions
bud off from endoplasmic reticulum
site of synthesis and degradation of hydrogen peroxide
participate in the metabolism of fatty acids and many other
import proteins into organelles and aid in proliferation
production of bile (safra) acids and proteins
synthesis of cholesterol, stains enzyme lowers
synthesis of myelin lipids
brekdown of excess purines to uric acid
catalase
h2o2 breakdown enzyme
peroxisome oxidative enzymes
catalase
d-amino acid oxidase
uric acid oxidase
ribosome
site of protein synthesis
made from protein and rRNA
two sub units
who and when fluid mosaic model found
singer and nicolson 1972
membrane functions
protection communication selectively allow substances in respond to environment recognition
membrane lipids
phospholipids
glycolipids
cholesterol
all amphipathic, this gives them self formation of lipid bilayer in the liquid environment
phospholipids
the carbon number of fatty acids between 14-24
16-18 most commonly
büyük boy: silindirik küçük boy: konik beraber olamk isterler?
cholesterol in membrane
steroid found in interaction with the phospholipids in the celluar membrane
stabilizes the membrane by limiting the movements of phospholipids and make the membrane more rigid
lipid rafts
it affects the diameter of the membrane
membrane fluidity depends on:
composition of lipids
composition of hydrophobic fat
temperature
gel-like membrane
long saturated acyl chains
fluid membrane
short unsaturated acyl chains
lipid movement types across the membrane
lateral diffusion (yan yan)
rotation (kendi etrafında)
flexion (bükülme)
flip-flop with flippase (alt üst tabaka arası)
lipid asymmetry in membrane
different types of lipids in each monolayer
one monolayer becomes more fluid
the difference the electrical charge between monolayers
the change in the membrane structure
types of membrane proteins
1- integral : amphipathic, transmembrane
2- peripheral: hydrophilic, surface of the membrane
membrane proteins funcitons
transport (ion channels)
receptor (hormones and growth factors)
specialized character for tissue
composition of protein in
myelin and mitochondria
myelin: %25
mitochondria: %75
carbonhydrates in cell membrane and types
proteins and lipids have covalently attached carbonhydrates
3 types of carbonhydrates : glycoprotein, glycolipid, protepglycan
