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komite 1c > tıbbi biyoloji ing > Flashcards

tıbbi biyoloji ing Flashcards

1
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

ökaryotk hücrenn membranının yarısını er labirentleri oluşturur
labirent : branching tubules ve flattened sacs içerir
rough (granüllü) ve smooth (granülsüz)

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2
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum SER

A

ribosome yok
tubular and form an interconnecting system of pipelines curving through cytoplasm ( dış kısımda sitoplazmaya yakın)
skeletal muscle, kidney tubules, steroid producin endocrine glands

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3
Q

functions of SER

A

1-lipid biosynthesis: central organelle for syntesis of phospholipid, cholesterol and ceramid
2-syntesis of steroid hormones: in the endocrine cells of the gonad and adrenal cortex
leyding-testis-testesteron
granulosa lutein-corpus luteum-progesteron
cortex-suprarenal gland- corticosteroid
3-contribution in metabolic functions: detoxification
enzimler toksik maddelere hidroksilasyon ile -oh ekleyip polarlaştırıyor, suda atılmaları kolaylaşıyor
4-sequestering calcium ions within the cisternal space: sarkolpasmic reticulum, Ca deposu
5-lipid transport: triglycerides oluşma yeri

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4
Q

main produced phospholipid of SER

A

phosphotidylcholine

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5
Q

main produced phospholipid of ER

A

phosphoglyceride

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6
Q

main produced phospholipid of golgi

A

sphingolipid

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7
Q

main produced phospholipid of mitochondria

A

cardiolipin

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8
Q

Von Gierke syndrome

A

patients can store glycogen but cant digest
hipoglycemia and enlargement in liver and heart
glycogen storage disease type 1 most common
type 1b: GGP transfer eden SER bozuk
type 1a: GGP sentezi sorunlu

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9
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

interconnected flattened sacs

protein folding diseases

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10
Q

functions of RER

A 
1-the site of synthesis of secretory proteins
2-co translational targetting
3-modification of protein starts when polypeptide comes to RER lumen: 
proteolytic cleavage 
glycosylation 
folding
4- glycosylation: kimlik kazandırır
dolichols and asparagine önemli
n-ligt azot kısmına
5-protein folding: sekonder, terisyer yapıları kazandırır
disulfide bond
coupling two thiol groups
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11
Q

co-translational targetting

A

era gelmeden başlıyor, sinyal sekansıyla içeri era gidip sentez devam ediyor, burada 2, 3, yapılar kalanmayala oluşmaya başlıyor

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12
Q

the golgi complex

A 
paketleme ve salglama
modifiye ürünleri paketleuip gidecekleri yerler götürme
3 structre: 
cisternea
transport vesciles
condensed vacoules
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13
Q

polarity of golgi

A

ERa bakan cis yüz

işlemin tamamlanıp vezikül çıkan transyüz

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14
Q

functions of golgi

A 
glycosylation
sulfation
sorting and packaging of proteins
modifies n-linked oligosaccharides, adds o-linked oligosaccharides
proteine son şekil
formation of primary lysosomes
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15
Q

ER does ? linked glycosylation

A

N linked

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16
Q

golgi does ? linked glycosylation

A

O linked

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17
Q

why do they do glycosylation?

A

aids in proper protein folding
provides protection against proteases (lysosomal membrane proteins)
employed for signaling
cell-cell interaction

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18
Q

clathrin

A

vezikülleri kaplar yol gösterir
regüle eden endositoz
kontol edilir ihtiyaç olunca salınır

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19
Q

cop 2

A

erdan golgiye

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20
Q

cop1

A

golgiden era geli

kontrolsüz sürekli salınım

21
Q

glikokaliks

A

hücreleri khidratla kaplıyor
hücre örtüsü
içerdeki proteini korur (lizozom)

22
Q

sulfation in golgi

A

tyrosine sulfation

mucopolysaccharides

23
Q

formation of primary lysosomes

A

vezikül+ mannoz 6 fosfat= lizozom olacak primer ypı

mannoz 6 fosfat reseptörlerdeki spesifiklği belirler

24
Q

sorting and packaging of proteins in golgi

A

1-lysosomal pathway
2-constitutive secretion:to extracelluar space, plasma membrane proteins also used
3-regulated secretion: hormones, enzymes

25
Q

lysosomes

A

contains enzymes: acid hydrolases
hücreiçi sindirim, golgide asit hidrolazlar paketlenir, primer lizozom
substratla birleşince: sekonder lizozom (aktif çalışan yolak)
içte glikokaliks korur
bis-fosfat: fosfolipitlerden daha dayanıklı lipidler membranında
H-ATPaz: asidik ortamı korur

26
Q

lizozom substrat çeşitleri

A

bakteriler: fagositik
yaşlanmış hücreler: otolojik
endositozla alınan moleküller: endositik

27
Q

lysosomal storage diseases

A

enzimler vs bozulur yapılar içinde birikir

28
Q

mitochondria and functions

A 
kendi sayısını şeklini toplanma bölgesini enerji nerde gerekliyse değişebilir
her iç kıvrım: krista
membran %80 protein %20 lipid
oxidative phosphorylation
uses pyruvate or fatty acids to energy
gluconeogenesis
urea synthesis in liver
synthesis of heme
small amount of steroid synthesis
lipid synthesis
29
Q

4 distinct compartments of mitochondria

A

1-outer membrane:large porins, lipid syntesis enzymes involved
2- intermembrane space: contains enzymes that uses newly made atp
3-inner membrane:cristae to maximize space, redox proteins, atp synthesis proteins, transport protein, contain cardiolipin
4-matrix:enzymes for krebs cycle rna dna ribozom

30
Q

mitochondrial and nuclear DNA differences

A

mt: halkasal nüklear: lineer
mtde histone and intron yok nüklearda var
mt dna anneden gelir, mutasyona hastalıklara açık

31
Q

intron

A

proteine dönüşmeyen gen bölgesi
gen düzenler
alternatif kırpılma

32
Q

peroxisome and functions

A

bud off from endoplasmic reticulum
site of synthesis and degradation of hydrogen peroxide
participate in the metabolism of fatty acids and many other
import proteins into organelles and aid in proliferation
production of bile (safra) acids and proteins
synthesis of cholesterol, stains enzyme lowers
synthesis of myelin lipids
brekdown of excess purines to uric acid

33
Q

catalase

A

h2o2 breakdown enzyme

34
Q

peroxisome oxidative enzymes

A

catalase
d-amino acid oxidase
uric acid oxidase

35
Q

ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis
made from protein and rRNA
two sub units

36
Q

who and when fluid mosaic model found

A

singer and nicolson 1972

37
Q

membrane functions

A 
protection
communication
selectively allow substances in
respond to environment
recognition
38
Q

membrane lipids

A

phospholipids
glycolipids
cholesterol
all amphipathic, this gives them self formation of lipid bilayer in the liquid environment

39
Q

phospholipids

A

the carbon number of fatty acids between 14-24
16-18 most commonly
büyük boy: silindirik küçük boy: konik beraber olamk isterler?

40
Q

cholesterol in membrane

A

steroid found in interaction with the phospholipids in the celluar membrane
stabilizes the membrane by limiting the movements of phospholipids and make the membrane more rigid
lipid rafts
it affects the diameter of the membrane

41
Q

membrane fluidity depends on:

A

composition of lipids
composition of hydrophobic fat
temperature

42
Q

gel-like membrane

A

long saturated acyl chains

43
Q

fluid membrane

A

short unsaturated acyl chains

44
Q

lipid movement types across the membrane

A

lateral diffusion (yan yan)
rotation (kendi etrafında)
flexion (bükülme)
flip-flop with flippase (alt üst tabaka arası)

45
Q

lipid asymmetry in membrane

A

different types of lipids in each monolayer
one monolayer becomes more fluid
the difference the electrical charge between monolayers
the change in the membrane structure

46
Q

types of membrane proteins

A

1- integral : amphipathic, transmembrane

2- peripheral: hydrophilic, surface of the membrane

47
Q

membrane proteins funcitons

A

transport (ion channels)
receptor (hormones and growth factors)
specialized character for tissue

48
Q

composition of protein in

myelin and mitochondria

A

myelin: %25
mitochondria: %75

49
Q

carbonhydrates in cell membrane and types

A

proteins and lipids have covalently attached carbonhydrates

3 types of carbonhydrates : glycoprotein, glycolipid, protepglycan

komite 1c (9 decks)

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