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komite 1c > mikrobiyoloji > Flashcards

mikrobiyoloji Flashcards

1
Q

bacteria size- visibilty

A 
1-2 microns
smallest 0.1-0.2 mikrom
larger bacteria  many microns length
visible with the light microscope
animal and plant cells are much larger thant bacteria
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2
Q

microbial taxonomy

A

comprises three distinct but highly interrelated disciplines:
classification
nomenclature
identification
applied to all living entities
taxonomy provides a consistent means to classify, name and identify organisms

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3
Q

microbial classification

A

the organization of microorganisms that share similar morphologic physiologic and genetic traits into spesific groups

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4
Q

classification in hierarchial order from smaller to larger

A 
species
genus
family
order
class
division
kingdom
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5
Q

which taxonomic groups do we interest in biology?

A

species and genus

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6
Q

species

A

tür
most basic taxonomic group
they share many common physiologic and genetic features (stracture, pathology, immunology…)
there are subspecies: they share spesific but minor characteristics
taxonomic importance, practical utility
in diagnostic microbiolgy: usually limited value

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7
Q

3 subspecie types

A

biotype
serotype
genotypes

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8
Q

nomenclature

A

the naming of microorganisms according to established rules and guidelines
genus and species are important
binomial (two-name) stystem

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9
Q

organism label rules

A

two pars
genus- always capitalized
species- never capitalized
written with italics or underlined
can be used with upper form of first letter of genus with . and full species name
exp: Genus species and G. species
informal designation used too but not italicized or capitalized exp: staphylococci, enterococci…

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10
Q

eukaryote major groups

A

algae fungi(yeasts,molds) protozoa plants animals (greek for true nucleus)

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11
Q

prokaryote major group

A

bacteria archae blue-green algae (greek for primitive nucleus)

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12
Q

eukaryote size

A

> 5 mikrom

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13
Q

prokaryote size

A

0,5-3,0 mikrom

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14
Q

eukaryote prokaryote nucleus difference

A

euk has classic membrane

prok hasnt got nuclear membrane

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15
Q

eukaryote chromosome type

A

strands of DNA, diploid genome

human contains 3 billion base pairs

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16
Q

prokaryote chromosome type

A

single double-stranded, circular DNA, haploid genome

contains 5 million base pairs

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17
Q

eukaryote prokaryote ribosome difference

A 
eukaryote 80s (60s+40s)
prokaryote 70s (50s+30s) (smaller)
according to location of ribosomes
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18
Q

eukaryote prokaryote cytoplasmic membrane difference

A

eukaryote contains sterols

prokaryote doesnt contain sterols

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19
Q

eukaryote prokaryote cell wall difference

A

eukaryote only present for fungi

prokaryote: a complex structure containing protein, lipids, peptidoglycans (meshlike)

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20
Q

eukaryote prokaryote reproduction difference

A

eukaryote: sexual and asexual
prokaryote: asexual (binary fission)

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21
Q

eukaryote prokaryote movement difference

A

eukaryote: complex flagellum if present (kamçı)
prokaryote: simple flagellum if present

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22
Q

eukaryote prokaryote respiration(solunum) difference

A

eukaryote: via mitochondria
prokaryote: via cytoplasmic membrane

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23
Q

archaebacteria

A

resemble bacteria in most ways but represent a domain unique from bacteria and eukaryotes

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24
Q

eukaryote prokaryote survivng difference

A

bacteria is more resistent than eukaryotic cells

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25
Q

bacterial classification

A

by their macroscopic and microscopic appearance
by characteristic growth and metabolic properities
by antigenicty
by genotype

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26
Q

macroscopic and microscopic distinction

A

by growth characteristics and different nutrient and selective media

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27
Q

colony

A

bacteria grow in colonies

eanch colony is a city of million or more organisms

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28
Q

different types of shapes of bacteria

A

cocci
bacilli rods
curved
spiral

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29
Q

bacteria types for the abilty to retain Gram or other stains

A

Gram-positive
Gram-negative
Acid fast positive or negative

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30
Q

aggregates

A

some bacteria form

grapelike clusters or diplococcus(two cells together)

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31
Q

Gram stain

A

rapid, powerful, easy test
used to distinguish between the two major classes of bacteria
used to develope initial diagnosis
used to initiate therapy based on inherent differences in the bacteria

32
Q

metabolic features of bacteria

A

anaerobic-aerobic

33
Q

bacterial classificication according to antigenic features / serotyping

A 
serotyping: using antibodies to detect characteristic antigens
very specific but not frequently used
*too difficult to grow
*too dangerous
*need to be identified rapidly(hızla)
34
Q

genetic distinction of bacteria

A

the most precise (kesin) method for classifying bacteria

by analisis of genetic material

35
Q

gram positive bacteria color

A

violet-blue

36
Q

gram positive bacteria types

A

bacilli
cocci: streptococcus, staphylcoccus
branching filaments

37
Q

gram negative bacteria color

A

red

38
Q

gram negative becteria types

A

diplococci
coccobacilli
bacilli
comma shaped

39
Q

bacteria types that cant be characterized by Gram reaction

A

mycobacteria
obligate intracelluar and nonculturable bacteria
cell wall deficient bacteria: mycoplasma, ureaplasma
spirochetes

40
Q

what layers surround the cytıplasmic membrane in cell walls?

A

rigid peptidoglycan (murein)

41
Q

cell wall in Gram positive bacteria

A

thick multilayered cell wall consisting mainly of peptidoglycan
degraded(bozulmak) by treatment with lysozyme
*includes proteins, teichoic and lipoteichoic acids and complex polysaccharides(C polysaccharides)

42
Q

why is peptidoglycan is essential for cell wall

A

for structure
for replication
for survival in the normally hostile conditions

43
Q

protoplast

A

the structure formed by the removal of the cell wall

44
Q

teichoic acids

A

water soluble, anionic polymers of polyol phosphates

45
Q

lipoteichoic acids

A

fatty acids and anchored in cytoplasmic membrane

46
Q

cell wall in Gram negative bacteria

A

cell walls are more complicated than gps
contains two layers external to the cytoplasmic membrane
no teichoic or lipoteichoid acid
has outer membrane
addition of lysozyme to GN cells with a disrupted outer membrane produces spheroplasts

47
Q

outer membrane

A

external to the peptidoglycan layer
uniqe to GNs
connected to cytoplasmic membrane at adhesion sites and tied to peptidoglycan by lipoprotein

48
Q

periplasmic space

A

area between the external surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and the internal surface of the outer membrane
contains components of of transport systems and variety of hydrolytic enzymes
these functions are important to the cell for the breakdown of large macromolecules

49
Q

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

also called endotoxin
a powerful stimulator of innate and immune responses
*induces fever and can cause shock
*Shwartzman reaction (disseminated intravascular coagulation=DIC) follows the release of large amounts of endotoxin into the bloodstream
neisseria bacteria shed a large amounts of related molecule, lipooligosaccharide (LOS), resulting in fever and severe symptoms
contains transmembrane proteins?

50
Q

porins

A

form pores allowing the diffusion of hydrophilic molecules less than 700Da in mass through the membrane

51
Q

protoplasts and spheroplasts

A

laboratory generated entities

have everything expect cell wall

52
Q

spheroblasts

A

a bacterium or plant cell bound by its plasma membrane, the cell wall being deficient or lacking and the whole having a spherical form
spherical shape assumed by gram negative bacteria

53
Q

protoplasts

A

spherical shape assumed by gram positive bacteria

54
Q

L forms of bacteria

A

arise spontaneously

lack cell wall

55
Q

cytoplasmic structure of bacteria

A

contains DNA chromosome, messenger RNA (mRna), ribosomes, proteins and metabolites
unlike eukaryotes, the bacterial chromosome is a double stranded circle, isnt contained in a nucleus but in an area called nucleoid, is haploid,
Dna doesnt have histons
dna doesnt form nucleosomes
contain plasmids

56
Q

plasmids

A

eukaryotes dont have
smaller, circular, extrachromosomal DNAs
not essential but adds extra functions, residency(antibiotic olayı)

57
Q

why is transcription and translation are coupled in prokaryotes?

A

because there isnt a nuclear membrane,

iki olay arası çok kısa sürüyor

58
Q

what is mycoplasma difference to prokaryotes in membranes?

A

mycoplasmas contain steroids

59
Q

capsules

A

loose polysaccharide or protein layers closely surrounding bacteria

60
Q

slime layer

A

loosely adherent material around bacteria

61
Q

the capsules or slime layers also called what?

A

glycocalyx

62
Q

the bacteria that produces a polypeptide capsule

A

bacillus anthracis

63
Q

india ink

A

with this capsules can be seen

64
Q

capsule and slime functions

A

unnecessary for the growth of bacteria
very important for survival in the host
poorly antigenic and antiphagocytic factor
major virulence factor

65
Q

biofilm

A

external structure
a polysaccharide structure produced and secreted by bacteria when quarum reached
bu halde antibiyotikler dah zor etki eder, fagosite olmaları zorlaşır
supports growth, establishes a bacterial community and protects bacteria from antibiotics and host defenses
tooth plaque produced by s. mutans is biofilm exp

66
Q

quorum

A

sufficiency numbers of bacteria

67
Q

quorum sensing

A

a system used by bacteria to coordinate gene expression according to the density of their local population
çoğunluk sağlanınca organizasyon biraz değişir replikasyon duru başka şeyler yaparlar

68
Q

biggest infection in the world

A

diş çürüğü

69
Q

flagella

A

ropelike propellers made up of helical coiled protein subunits: flagellin
anchored in the membranes through hook and basal body structures and driven by membrane potential
provide motilty for bacteria
allows chemotaxis( cell to swim toward food or away from posions)

70
Q

fimbrae(pili)

A

hairlike structures on the outside of bacteria
composed of protein subunits(pilin)
smaller than flagella
doesnt coiled in structure
promote adherence to other bacteria or to the host
attach to target cells
alt. names: adhesins, lectins, evasins, aggressins
important virulence factor for colonization and infection of the urinary tract

71
Q

adhesine

A

adherence factor

72
Q

lectins

A

tips of fimbrae

protein structure binding to specific sugars

73
Q

F pili

A

sex pili
bind to other bacteria
a tube for large segments of bacterial chromosems transport btween bacteria

74
Q

mycobacteria

A

surrounded by a waxlike lipidcoat of mycolic acid, cord factor, wax D, sulfolipids
staining acid-fast
chalydia and mycoplasmas has no peptidoglycan cell wall

75
Q

spores

A

under harsh enviromental conditions these bacteria can convert from vegetative state to dormant state or spore
no metabolic activity
doesnt replicate
some GP form but never GNs
bacillus and closridium
the location of spore within a cell is characteristic of bacteria
assist in identification of bacterium (central terminal subtrrminal)
allows bacteria to exist in suspended animation
contains complete copy of chromosome
bare min essential proteins ribosomes
high concentration of calcium bond to dipicolinic acid
has inner membrane, two peptidoglikan layers outer keratinlike protein coat
can survive for decadeas
looks refractile(bright) in microscope

komite 1c (9 decks)

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