thyroid pathology Flashcards
1
Q
cause of hypoplasia
A
idiopathic -no known cause
2
Q
goiter is another word for
A
hyperplasia
3
Q
indication of hyperplasia
A
iodine deficiency
4
Q
ratio os hyperplasia in male: female
A
1: 3
* more common in female
5
Q
benign nodules in thyroid
A
- hyperplasic
- colloid
- adenomatous
6
Q
most common benign nodule
A
hyperplastic (80%)
7
Q
hyperplasic nodules are ___ compared to thin hypoechoic peripheral rim
A
iso/ hyperechoic
8
Q
anything hyper or isoechoic is more likely a ___ nodule
A
benign
9
Q
anything more calcified is more likely a ___ nodule
A
malignant
10
Q
anything taller than wide is likely ___
A
malignant
11
Q
anything hypoechoic is more likely ___
A
malignant
12
Q
nodule with internal septation/ spongiform mural nodue
A
hyperplastic
13
Q
isoechoic nodule with different textures (micro, macro, eggshell calcifications, cystic changes)
A
hyperplastic
14
Q
nodule with giraffe pattern
A
hyperplastic
15
Q
this benign nodule often occurs in MNG (multinodular goiter)
A
adenomatous
16
Q
usually solid benign nodule
A
adenomatous
17
Q
nodule often seen with hypoechoic halo
A
adenomatous
18
Q
this type of nodule can be malignant if there is capsular/ vascular invasion
A
adenomatous
19
Q
common benign nodule with echogenic foci and comet tail artifact
A
colloid
20
Q
surveillance with US and lab values for ___ nodule
A
bengin
21
Q
T/F: focal excision is possible for benign nodule
A
T - if it is big enough to cause pressure symptoms
22
Q
papillary nodule
A
malignant
23
Q
follicular nodule
A
malignant
24
Q
medullary nodule
A
malignant
25
anaplastic nodule
malignant
26
metastatic nodule
malignant
27
colloid nodule
benign
28
adenomatous nodule
benign
29
hyperplastic nodule
benign
30
most common malignant nodule
papillary CA (75%) in thyroid
31
T/F: papillary nodule commonly found in men
False
32
cervical lymph node increases at time of presentation for ___ nodule
papillary CA
33
20% of ___ nodule's are multifocal, slow growing
papillary
34
___ nodule is seen as hypoechoic and solid on US with micro calcifications (psamomma bodies)
papillary
35
cystic degeneration is common in LN for ___ nodule
papillary
36
papillary carcinoma is hypoechoic with ___ vascularity
increased
37
prognosis of papillary CA
90-95% at 20 yrs
38
T/F: LN involvement of papillary CA affects prognosis
False
39
mixed (follicular) and sclerosing Ca (micro CA) are types of ___
papillary CA
40
__ is most frequently used for scanning and follow ups
US
41
thyroid pathology commonly occurs in women in 60's
follicular CA
42
malignant nodule coexists with MNG
follicular
43
malignant nodule with NO calcifications
follicular
44
malignant nodule hematogenic spread to bones, brain, lungs, liver
follicular
45
T/F: follicular nodule has distant spread
True
46
distant spread in papillary CA is ___
rare
47
only 5% of thyroid cancers
medullary
48
malignant nodule arise from para follicular cells
medullary
49
medullary CA is solid, hypoechoic, with course central ____
calcifications
50
serum calcitonin is used as tumor marker for ___
medullary CA
51
T/F: only option for medullary CA treatment is surgery
True
52
nodal spread in medullary CA is ___
common
53
T/F: medullary CA is aggressive
true
54
only 2% of thyroid cancer is
anaplastic CA
55
malignant nodule commonly found in >60 yrs
anaplastic
56
large solid hypoechoic mass with local invasion
anaplastic
57
5 year motality for anaplastic CA is __%
95
58
only option for treatment of anaplastic CA
surgery
59
T/F: anaplastic CA uses radioactive iodine
False
60
what 3 places are metastatic nodule's commonly from
- 40% melanoma
- 21% breast
- 10% RCC
61
T/F: metastatic CA commonly in younger women
False
62
hyper/iso echoic
benign
63
spongiform/ giraffe pattern
benign
64
T/F: benign nodules are commonly solid
False
| -cystic
65
inspissated colloid
benign
66
less colloid / more cell
malignant
67
solid nodule
malignant
68
thick hallo
malignant
69
thin or regular halo
benign
70
well defined margin
benign
71
poorly defined/ micro lobulated margin
malignnat
72
internal vasularity
malignnat
73
MNG common
benign
74
solitary except in 20% cases of ___
PAPILLARY CA
75
TIRADS score for cystic
0
76
TIRADS score for spongiform
0
77
TIRADS score for mixed cystic and solid
1
78
TIRADS for solid
2
79
TIRADS for anechoic
0
80
TIRADS for hyperechoic or isoechoic
1
81
TIRADS for hypoechoic
2
82
TIRADS for very hypoechoic
3
83
TIRADS for wider than tall
0
84
TIRADS for taller than wide
3
85
TIRADS for smooth margin
0
86
TIRADS for ill defined margin
0
87
TIRADS for lobulated or irregular margin
2
88
TIRADS for extra-thyroidal extention
3
89
TIRADS for commet tail
0
90
TIRADS for microcalcification
1
91
TIRADS for peripheral rim calcification
2
92
TIRADS for punctate echogenic foci
3
93
0 points on TIRADS meaning and action
bening & no FNA
94
2 points on TIRADS meaning and action
not suspicious & no FNA
95
3 points on TIRADS meaning and action
mild suspicious & follow up if >1.5cm
96
4-6 points on TIRADS meaning and action
moderate suspicion & follow up >1.0cm
97
>7 points on TIRADS meaning and action
highly suspicious & follow up if >0.5cm
98
types of parenchymal thyroid disease (2)
- inflammatory
| - auto immmune
99
sub acute thyroiditis (dequervain thyroiditis) is ___ type of parenchymal thyroid disease
inflmmatory
100
hashimotos is ___ type of parenchymal thyroid disease
autoimmune
101
graves is ___ type of parenchymal thyroid disease
autoimmune
102
sub acute thyroiditis is commonly found in ___
women
103
the following are symptoms of ___: painful enlarged thyroid, fever, RTI, signs of thyrotoxicosis
sub acute thyroiditis
104
US usually shows __ echogenicity and ___ blood flow in Sub acute thyroiditis
decreased, decreased
105
T/F: full recovery from sub acute thyroiditis is usually achieved
True
106
most common cause of hypothyroid in NA
hashimotos thyroiditis
107
hasimotos is 6X more likely found in ___
women
108
due to antibodies to TPO, thyroglobulin. tissue is replaced by lymphocytes and plasma cells
hashimotos
109
hashimotos treatment option
thyroxin
110
T/F: final outcome of hashimotos is surgery
False
| -atrophy and hypothyroidism
111
diffusely heterogeneous and hypoechoic, honey comb appearance/ septation
hashimotos
112
micronodularity due to thin echogenic fibrous band
hashimotos
113
hasimotos vascularity is __
hyper vascular
114
autoimmune disorder due to long acting thyroid stimulator antibodies
grave's disease
115
most common cause of hyperthyroidism
graves
116
gaves disease is also called
toxic goiter/ thyrotoxicosis
117
hypoechoic diffusely enlarged gland with hyper vascularity
graves
118
treatment for ___ includes anti thyroid pills, ablation with RAI and surgical excision of toxic nodule
graves
