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IMG1016: superficial structures > thyroid pathology > Flashcards

thyroid pathology Flashcards

1
Q

cause of hypoplasia

A

idiopathic -no known cause

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2
Q

goiter is another word for

A

hyperplasia

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3
Q

indication of hyperplasia

A

iodine deficiency

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4
Q

ratio os hyperplasia in male: female

A

1: 3

* more common in female

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5
Q

benign nodules in thyroid

A
  • hyperplasic
  • colloid
  • adenomatous
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6
Q

most common benign nodule

A

hyperplastic (80%)

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7
Q

hyperplasic nodules are ___ compared to thin hypoechoic peripheral rim

A

iso/ hyperechoic

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8
Q

anything hyper or isoechoic is more likely a ___ nodule

A

benign

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9
Q

anything more calcified is more likely a ___ nodule

A

malignant

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10
Q

anything taller than wide is likely ___

A

malignant

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11
Q

anything hypoechoic is more likely ___

A

malignant

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12
Q

nodule with internal septation/ spongiform mural nodue

A

hyperplastic

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13
Q

isoechoic nodule with different textures (micro, macro, eggshell calcifications, cystic changes)

A

hyperplastic

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14
Q

nodule with giraffe pattern

A

hyperplastic

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15
Q

this benign nodule often occurs in MNG (multinodular goiter)

A

adenomatous

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16
Q

usually solid benign nodule

A

adenomatous

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17
Q

nodule often seen with hypoechoic halo

A

adenomatous

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18
Q

this type of nodule can be malignant if there is capsular/ vascular invasion

A

adenomatous

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19
Q

common benign nodule with echogenic foci and comet tail artifact

A

colloid

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20
Q

surveillance with US and lab values for ___ nodule

A

bengin

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21
Q

T/F: focal excision is possible for benign nodule

A

T - if it is big enough to cause pressure symptoms

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22
Q

papillary nodule

A

malignant

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23
Q

follicular nodule

A

malignant

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24
Q

medullary nodule

A

malignant

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25
Q

anaplastic nodule

A

malignant

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26
Q

metastatic nodule

A

malignant

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27
Q

colloid nodule

A

benign

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28
Q

adenomatous nodule

A

benign

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29
Q

hyperplastic nodule

A

benign

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30
Q

most common malignant nodule

A

papillary CA (75%) in thyroid

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31
Q

T/F: papillary nodule commonly found in men

A

False

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32
Q

cervical lymph node increases at time of presentation for ___ nodule

A

papillary CA

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33
Q

20% of ___ nodule’s are multifocal, slow growing

A

papillary

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34
Q

___ nodule is seen as hypoechoic and solid on US with micro calcifications (psamomma bodies)

A

papillary

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35
Q

cystic degeneration is common in LN for ___ nodule

A

papillary

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36
Q

papillary carcinoma is hypoechoic with ___ vascularity

A

increased

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37
Q

prognosis of papillary CA

A

90-95% at 20 yrs

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38
Q

T/F: LN involvement of papillary CA affects prognosis

A

False

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39
Q

mixed (follicular) and sclerosing Ca (micro CA) are types of ___

A

papillary CA

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40
Q

__ is most frequently used for scanning and follow ups

A

US

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41
Q

thyroid pathology commonly occurs in women in 60’s

A

follicular CA

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42
Q

malignant nodule coexists with MNG

A

follicular

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43
Q

malignant nodule with NO calcifications

A

follicular

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44
Q

malignant nodule hematogenic spread to bones, brain, lungs, liver

A

follicular

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45
Q

T/F: follicular nodule has distant spread

A

True

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46
Q

distant spread in papillary CA is ___

A

rare

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47
Q

only 5% of thyroid cancers

A

medullary

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48
Q

malignant nodule arise from para follicular cells

A

medullary

49
Q

medullary CA is solid, hypoechoic, with course central ____

A

calcifications

50
Q

serum calcitonin is used as tumor marker for ___

A

medullary CA

51
Q

T/F: only option for medullary CA treatment is surgery

A

True

52
Q

nodal spread in medullary CA is ___

A

common

53
Q

T/F: medullary CA is aggressive

A

true

54
Q

only 2% of thyroid cancer is

A

anaplastic CA

55
Q

malignant nodule commonly found in >60 yrs

A

anaplastic

56
Q

large solid hypoechoic mass with local invasion

A

anaplastic

57
Q

5 year motality for anaplastic CA is __%

A

95

58
Q

only option for treatment of anaplastic CA

A

surgery

59
Q

T/F: anaplastic CA uses radioactive iodine

A

False

60
Q

what 3 places are metastatic nodule’s commonly from

A
  • 40% melanoma
  • 21% breast
  • 10% RCC
61
Q

T/F: metastatic CA commonly in younger women

A

False

62
Q

hyper/iso echoic

A

benign

63
Q

spongiform/ giraffe pattern

A

benign

64
Q

T/F: benign nodules are commonly solid

A

False

-cystic

65
Q

inspissated colloid

A

benign

66
Q

less colloid / more cell

A

malignant

67
Q

solid nodule

A

malignant

68
Q

thick hallo

A

malignant

69
Q

thin or regular halo

A

benign

70
Q

well defined margin

A

benign

71
Q

poorly defined/ micro lobulated margin

A

malignnat

72
Q

internal vasularity

A

malignnat

73
Q

MNG common

A

benign

74
Q

solitary except in 20% cases of ___

A

PAPILLARY CA

75
Q

TIRADS score for cystic

A

0

76
Q

TIRADS score for spongiform

A

0

77
Q

TIRADS score for mixed cystic and solid

A

1

78
Q

TIRADS for solid

A

2

79
Q

TIRADS for anechoic

A

0

80
Q

TIRADS for hyperechoic or isoechoic

A

1

81
Q

TIRADS for hypoechoic

A

2

82
Q

TIRADS for very hypoechoic

A

3

83
Q

TIRADS for wider than tall

A

0

84
Q

TIRADS for taller than wide

A

3

85
Q

TIRADS for smooth margin

A

0

86
Q

TIRADS for ill defined margin

A

0

87
Q

TIRADS for lobulated or irregular margin

A

2

88
Q

TIRADS for extra-thyroidal extention

A

3

89
Q

TIRADS for commet tail

A

0

90
Q

TIRADS for microcalcification

A

1

91
Q

TIRADS for peripheral rim calcification

A

2

92
Q

TIRADS for punctate echogenic foci

A

3

93
Q

0 points on TIRADS meaning and action

A

bening & no FNA

94
Q

2 points on TIRADS meaning and action

A

not suspicious & no FNA

95
Q

3 points on TIRADS meaning and action

A

mild suspicious & follow up if >1.5cm

96
Q

4-6 points on TIRADS meaning and action

A

moderate suspicion & follow up >1.0cm

97
Q

> 7 points on TIRADS meaning and action

A

highly suspicious & follow up if >0.5cm

98
Q

types of parenchymal thyroid disease (2)

A
  • inflammatory

- auto immmune

99
Q

sub acute thyroiditis (dequervain thyroiditis) is ___ type of parenchymal thyroid disease

A

inflmmatory

100
Q

hashimotos is ___ type of parenchymal thyroid disease

A

autoimmune

101
Q

graves is ___ type of parenchymal thyroid disease

A

autoimmune

102
Q

sub acute thyroiditis is commonly found in ___

A

women

103
Q

the following are symptoms of ___: painful enlarged thyroid, fever, RTI, signs of thyrotoxicosis

A

sub acute thyroiditis

104
Q

US usually shows __ echogenicity and ___ blood flow in Sub acute thyroiditis

A

decreased, decreased

105
Q

T/F: full recovery from sub acute thyroiditis is usually achieved

A

True

106
Q

most common cause of hypothyroid in NA

A

hashimotos thyroiditis

107
Q

hasimotos is 6X more likely found in ___

A

women

108
Q

due to antibodies to TPO, thyroglobulin. tissue is replaced by lymphocytes and plasma cells

A

hashimotos

109
Q

hashimotos treatment option

A

thyroxin

110
Q

T/F: final outcome of hashimotos is surgery

A

False

-atrophy and hypothyroidism

111
Q

diffusely heterogeneous and hypoechoic, honey comb appearance/ septation

A

hashimotos

112
Q

micronodularity due to thin echogenic fibrous band

A

hashimotos

113
Q

hasimotos vascularity is __

A

hyper vascular

114
Q

autoimmune disorder due to long acting thyroid stimulator antibodies

A

grave’s disease

115
Q

most common cause of hyperthyroidism

A

graves

116
Q

gaves disease is also called

A

toxic goiter/ thyrotoxicosis

117
Q

hypoechoic diffusely enlarged gland with hyper vascularity

A

graves

118
Q

treatment for ___ includes anti thyroid pills, ablation with RAI and surgical excision of toxic nodule

A

graves

IMG1016: superficial structures (9 decks)

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