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IMG1016: superficial structures > breast > Flashcards

breast Flashcards

1
Q

breast tissue first appears as ectodermal ridge at what point in gestation

A

6 weeks

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2
Q

what produces ducts

A

hormonal fluctuation at puberty

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3
Q

___ cells proliferate into ___ layer to form lobules

A
  1. ectodermal

2. mesodemal

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4
Q

what occurs in 5th month of gestation

A

ectodermal cells form ducts

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5
Q

extends along inferior lateral edge of pec major muscle

A

axillary tail of breast

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6
Q

central part of breast that contains smooth muscle

A

nipple

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7
Q

pigmented area surrounding nipple with numerous sebaceous glands.

A

areole

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8
Q

areole secretes

A

oily substance for lube

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9
Q

name the 3 breast zones

A
  1. pre-mammary
  2. mammary
  3. retromammary
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10
Q

zone between skin and anterior mammary fascia. composted of fat & CT

A

pre-mammary

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11
Q

zone that contains functional portion of breast parenchyma. contain epithelial cells and surrounding supportive tissue

A

mammary zone

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12
Q

modified sweat glands consisting of 15-20 secretory lobes and series of ducts

A

mammary glands

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13
Q

each lobe contains ___

A

lobules

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14
Q

each lobule contains ___, drained by lactiferous ducts which converge at nipple like spokes on a wheel

A

10-100 alveoli

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15
Q

what condenses to form suspensory ligament

A

fibrous component of CT stroma

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16
Q

2 functions of cooper’s ligament

A
  1. attach and secure breast

2. separate secretory lobules of breast

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17
Q

flat sheet of CT that covers pectoral muscles and provides attachment to cooper’s ligament

A

pectoral fascia

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18
Q

layer of loose CT between breast and pectoral fascia. Often used in reconstructive surgery

A

retro mammary space

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19
Q

functional unit of the Terminal Ductal Lobular Unit (TDLU)

A

lobule

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20
Q

components of TDLU

A

lobule, intralobular terminal duct, extralobular terminal duct

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21
Q

T/F: breast is located in the superficial fascia of the anterior chest wall

A

TRUE

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22
Q

another name for axillary tail of breast

A

Tail of spence

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23
Q

T/F: fat is the most echogenic tissue within the breast

A

FALSE

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24
Q

milk producing glands

A

acini

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25
Q

location of acini

A

within lobule, clustered on terminal ends of ducts

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26
Q

normal TDLU measurement

A

1-4mm

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27
Q

each TDLU is surrounded by ___ and ___ ___

A

loose and dense CT

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28
Q

the site of origin of nearly all pathologic processes of the breast

A

TDLU

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29
Q

hormone that stimulates breast development

A

estrogen

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30
Q

breast is anterior to

A

pectoralis major muscle, 6th rib

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31
Q

breast is superior to

A

7th rib

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32
Q

breast is inferior to

A

1-5th ribs

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33
Q

of mammary lobes in normal breast

A

15-20

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34
Q

parenchymal elements of breast

A

lobe, lobule, ducts, acini

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35
Q

why is it important to note if ducts dilate or if masses in duct?

A

everything connect to the duct and it would be highly spreadable

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36
Q

what affects the sonographic appearance of breast tissue

A
  1. age

2. functional state of breast

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37
Q

supplies the medial breast

A

internal thoracic or mammary artery

-branch of subclavian artery

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38
Q

supplies the lateral part of breast

A

axillary artery

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39
Q

venous return from breast to ___ and ___ thoracic

A

axillary and internal

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40
Q

3 main groups of lymph nodes

A
  1. axillary
  2. parasternal or internal mammary
  3. posterior intercostal
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41
Q

___% of lymphatic drainage from internal and ___% axillary

A

3% and 97%

42
Q

the lymph node first involved, depending on location of tumor

A

sentinel

43
Q

level __ located laterally /below the lower margin of pectoralis minor

A

1

44
Q

level __ located deeply in relation to pectoralis minor

A

2

45
Q

level __ located medially or superiorly to upper margin of pectoralis minor

A

3

46
Q

features of male breast

A
  • small nipple, areola, and ductal elements

- no development of milk producing lobular & acinar tissue

47
Q

T/F: breast cancer cannot occur in males

A

FALSE

48
Q

most common breast anomaly

A

polythelia = third nipple

49
Q

term for not fully developed breast

A

breast hypoplasia

50
Q

term for absence of breast tissue, nipple, and areola

A

amastia

51
Q

term for no nipple

A

athelia

52
Q

term for nipple but no breast tissue

A

amazia

53
Q

term for accessory breast tissue

A

polymastia

54
Q

main function of breast

A
  • produce milk by acini

- transport milk to nipple via ducts

55
Q

4 hormones that affect breast development

A
  1. estrogen
  2. progesterone
  3. prolactin
  4. oxytocin
56
Q

hormone rises and proliferates acini and ductal system during 1st half of menstrual cycle

A

estrogen

57
Q

hormone takes over estrogen for furthering breast preparation if pregnant

A

progesterone

58
Q

hormone from pituitary gland

A

prolactin

59
Q

___ level of progesterone stimulates acini to produce and excrete milk

A

dropping

60
Q

what causes a drop in the level of progesterone

A

expulsion of placenta

61
Q

hormone released by suckling of baby

A

oxytocin

62
Q

hormone further stimulates prolactin

A

oxytocin

63
Q

type of probe used for scanning breast

A

9-15MHz linear probe

64
Q

what area would we use the “hockey stick” probe

A

skin and areola

65
Q

name layers we need to see on US from deep to superficial

A
  • chest wall
  • pectoralis major muscles
  • retromammary layer
  • mammary layer
  • subcutaneous layer
  • skin
66
Q

what function will reduce artifactual echos within anechoic structures

A

harmonics

67
Q

what is helpful to use for very superficial structures

A
  • thick gel

- standoff / saline pad (no more than 1cm thick)

68
Q

what is a ballottement technique? what is it used for?

A
  • alternating compression and decompression

- access fluctuation or mobility of internal echoes

69
Q

T/F: breast tissue is less vascularized than normal tissue

A

TRUE

-b/c of vocal fremitus

70
Q

what layer demonstrates the greatest changes sonographically

A

mammary

71
Q

with age, breast parenchyma becomes replaced with __

A

fatty tissue

72
Q

region on breast where most tumors are found and why

A

upper outer region bc most lobules

73
Q

condition in males where ductal element hypertrophy

A

gynecomastia

74
Q

patient position for lateral lesion

A
  • rolled toward unaffected side

- arm over head allows you to scan axillary tail of breast

75
Q

patient position for medial lesion

A
  • patient supine

- arm over head

76
Q

patient position for superior lesions

A
  • sitting option

- arm DOWN to pull breast tissue down

77
Q

distance from the nipple is describes as ,,_

A

1,2,3

78
Q

depth of area of interest is described as .,_

A

A,B,C

79
Q

radial = ___, follows along arm of clock

A

sagittal

80
Q

antiradial = __, 90 degrees to the clock arm

A

transverse

81
Q

name the quadrants of breast and their clock orientations

A
  1. UIQ
  2. LIQ
  3. LOQ
  4. UOQ
82
Q

what zone corresponds to upper 1/3 or superficial

A

A

83
Q

what zone corresponds to middle 1/3 or mammary zone

A

B

84
Q

what zone corresponds to deeper 1/3 or retromammary zone

A

C

85
Q

lesion lies in mid zone at 2.0cm from nipple and at 12 o’clock, radially oriented. How is this annotated?

A

12:00 2B RAD

86
Q

3 measurements required for breast lump

A
  1. length
  2. thickness
  3. depth
87
Q

ultrasound is ___ whereas mammography is ___ modality

A
  1. targeted

3. screening

88
Q

T/F: palpable lesion requires non-targeted US

A

FALSE

-requires targeted (US)

89
Q

superficial and deep planes appear as ___

A

hyperechoic

90
Q

glandular parenchyma (mammary) appears as ___

A

moderately hyperechoic

91
Q

retro-mammary appears as ___

A

hypoechoic

92
Q

cooper’s ligament appears as ____

A

hyperechoic linear strand

93
Q

pectoralis muscles appear ___

A

moderately hypoechoic

94
Q

lactiferous ducts appeas as ___

A

anechoic

95
Q

T/F: Mammography is better than US for dense tissue

A

FALSE

-US better than mammo for dense tissue / good for younger ppl

96
Q

average risk women under 50, mammography recommended ___

A

not at all

97
Q

average risk women 50-74, mammography recommended ___

A

every 2 yrs

98
Q

high risk women 50-74, mammography recommended ___

A

annually

99
Q

high risk women 30-69, mammography recommended ___

A

annually + MRI

100
Q

you should compare the craniocaudal view of mammo with the ___ view on US

A

transverse

101
Q

T/F: mass will look larger on US than on Mammo

A

TRUE

102
Q

a white hyperechoic mass on Mammo will appear __ on US

A

dark anechoic

IMG1016: superficial structures (9 decks)

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