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IMG1016: superficial structures > breast > Flashcards

breast Flashcards

1
Q

breast tissue first appears as ectodermal ridge at what point in gestation

A

6 weeks

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2
Q

what produces ducts

A

hormonal fluctuation at puberty

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3
Q

___ cells proliferate into ___ layer to form lobules

A
  1. ectodermal

2. mesodemal

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4
Q

what occurs in 5th month of gestation

A

ectodermal cells form ducts

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5
Q

extends along inferior lateral edge of pec major muscle

A

axillary tail of breast

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6
Q

central part of breast that contains smooth muscle

A

nipple

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7
Q

pigmented area surrounding nipple with numerous sebaceous glands.

A

areole

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8
Q

areole secretes

A

oily substance for lube

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9
Q

name the 3 breast zones

A
  1. pre-mammary
  2. mammary
  3. retromammary
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10
Q

zone between skin and anterior mammary fascia. composted of fat & CT

A

pre-mammary

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11
Q

zone that contains functional portion of breast parenchyma. contain epithelial cells and surrounding supportive tissue

A

mammary zone

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12
Q

modified sweat glands consisting of 15-20 secretory lobes and series of ducts

A

mammary glands

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13
Q

each lobe contains ___

A

lobules

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14
Q

each lobule contains ___, drained by lactiferous ducts which converge at nipple like spokes on a wheel

A

10-100 alveoli

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15
Q

what condenses to form suspensory ligament

A

fibrous component of CT stroma

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16
Q

2 functions of cooper’s ligament

A
  1. attach and secure breast

2. separate secretory lobules of breast

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17
Q

flat sheet of CT that covers pectoral muscles and provides attachment to cooper’s ligament

A

pectoral fascia

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18
Q

layer of loose CT between breast and pectoral fascia. Often used in reconstructive surgery

A

retro mammary space

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19
Q

functional unit of the Terminal Ductal Lobular Unit (TDLU)

A

lobule

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20
Q

components of TDLU

A

lobule, intralobular terminal duct, extralobular terminal duct

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21
Q

T/F: breast is located in the superficial fascia of the anterior chest wall

A

TRUE

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22
Q

another name for axillary tail of breast

A

Tail of spence

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23
Q

T/F: fat is the most echogenic tissue within the breast

A

FALSE

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24
Q

milk producing glands

A

acini

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25
location of acini
within lobule, clustered on terminal ends of ducts
26
normal TDLU measurement
1-4mm
27
each TDLU is surrounded by ___ and ___ ___
loose and dense CT
28
the site of origin of nearly all pathologic processes of the breast
TDLU
29
hormone that stimulates breast development
estrogen
30
breast is anterior to
pectoralis major muscle, 6th rib
31
breast is superior to
7th rib
32
breast is inferior to
1-5th ribs
33
of mammary lobes in normal breast
15-20
34
parenchymal elements of breast
lobe, lobule, ducts, acini
35
why is it important to note if ducts dilate or if masses in duct?
everything connect to the duct and it would be highly spreadable
36
what affects the sonographic appearance of breast tissue
1. age | 2. functional state of breast
37
supplies the medial breast
internal thoracic or mammary artery | -branch of subclavian artery
38
supplies the lateral part of breast
axillary artery
39
venous return from breast to ___ and ___ thoracic
axillary and internal
40
3 main groups of lymph nodes
1. axillary 2. parasternal or internal mammary 3. posterior intercostal
41
___% of lymphatic drainage from internal and ___% axillary
3% and 97%
42
the lymph node first involved, depending on location of tumor
sentinel
43
level __ located laterally /below the lower margin of pectoralis minor
1
44
level __ located deeply in relation to pectoralis minor
2
45
level __ located medially or superiorly to upper margin of pectoralis minor
3
46
features of male breast
- small nipple, areola, and ductal elements | - no development of milk producing lobular & acinar tissue
47
T/F: breast cancer cannot occur in males
FALSE
48
most common breast anomaly
polythelia = third nipple
49
term for not fully developed breast
breast hypoplasia
50
term for absence of breast tissue, nipple, and areola
amastia
51
term for no nipple
athelia
52
term for nipple but no breast tissue
amazia
53
term for accessory breast tissue
polymastia
54
main function of breast
- produce milk by acini | - transport milk to nipple via ducts
55
4 hormones that affect breast development
1. estrogen 2. progesterone 3. prolactin 4. oxytocin
56
hormone rises and proliferates acini and ductal system during 1st half of menstrual cycle
estrogen
57
hormone takes over estrogen for furthering breast preparation if pregnant
progesterone
58
hormone from pituitary gland
prolactin
59
___ level of progesterone stimulates acini to produce and excrete milk
dropping
60
what causes a drop in the level of progesterone
expulsion of placenta
61
hormone released by suckling of baby
oxytocin
62
hormone further stimulates prolactin
oxytocin
63
type of probe used for scanning breast
9-15MHz linear probe
64
what area would we use the "hockey stick" probe
skin and areola
65
name layers we need to see on US from deep to superficial
- chest wall - pectoralis major muscles - retromammary layer - mammary layer - subcutaneous layer - skin
66
what function will reduce artifactual echos within anechoic structures
harmonics
67
what is helpful to use for very superficial structures
- thick gel | - standoff / saline pad (no more than 1cm thick)
68
what is a ballottement technique? what is it used for?
- alternating compression and decompression | - access fluctuation or mobility of internal echoes
69
T/F: breast tissue is less vascularized than normal tissue
TRUE | -b/c of vocal fremitus
70
what layer demonstrates the greatest changes sonographically
mammary
71
with age, breast parenchyma becomes replaced with __
fatty tissue
72
region on breast where most tumors are found and why
upper outer region bc most lobules
73
condition in males where ductal element hypertrophy
gynecomastia
74
patient position for lateral lesion
- rolled toward unaffected side | - arm over head allows you to scan axillary tail of breast
75
patient position for medial lesion
- patient supine | - arm over head
76
patient position for superior lesions
- sitting option | - arm DOWN to pull breast tissue down
77
distance from the nipple is describes as _,_,_
1,2,3
78
depth of area of interest is described as _._,_
A,B,C
79
radial = ___, follows along arm of clock
sagittal
80
antiradial = __, 90 degrees to the clock arm
transverse
81
name the quadrants of breast and their clock orientations
1. UIQ 2. LIQ 3. LOQ 4. UOQ
82
what zone corresponds to upper 1/3 or superficial
A
83
what zone corresponds to middle 1/3 or mammary zone
B
84
what zone corresponds to deeper 1/3 or retromammary zone
C
85
lesion lies in mid zone at 2.0cm from nipple and at 12 o'clock, radially oriented. How is this annotated?
12:00 2B RAD
86
3 measurements required for breast lump
1. length 2. thickness 3. depth
87
ultrasound is ___ whereas mammography is ___ modality
1. targeted | 3. screening
88
T/F: palpable lesion requires non-targeted US
FALSE | -requires targeted (US)
89
superficial and deep planes appear as ___
hyperechoic
90
glandular parenchyma (mammary) appears as ___
moderately hyperechoic
91
retro-mammary appears as ___
hypoechoic
92
cooper's ligament appears as ____
hyperechoic linear strand
93
pectoralis muscles appear ___
moderately hypoechoic
94
lactiferous ducts appeas as ___
anechoic
95
T/F: Mammography is better than US for dense tissue
FALSE | -US better than mammo for dense tissue / good for younger ppl
96
average risk women under 50, mammography recommended ___
not at all
97
average risk women 50-74, mammography recommended ___
every 2 yrs
98
high risk women 50-74, mammography recommended ___
annually
99
high risk women 30-69, mammography recommended ___
annually + MRI
100
you should compare the craniocaudal view of mammo with the ___ view on US
transverse
101
T/F: mass will look larger on US than on Mammo
TRUE
102
a white hyperechoic mass on Mammo will appear __ on US
dark anechoic

IMG1016: superficial structures (9 decks)

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