parathyroid pathology

Question 1

thyroid gland regulates ___ and has __ effect on calcium levels

Answer 1

• metabolism

- NO

Question 2

parathyroid glands regulate ___ and have no effect on ___

Answer 2

• calcium

- metabolism

Question 3

purpose of the parathyroid gland

Answer 3

control calcium within the blood at a very tight range

Question 4

range of blood calcium

Answer 4

9-10

Question 5

___ is the calcium sensor, when Ca increase, ___ decrease

Answer 5

paratharmone

Question 6

calcium levels ___ affect heart rate

Answer 6

DO

Question 7

___ disease frequently leads to osteoporosis, kidney stones, hypertension, cariad arrhythmias, and kidney failure

Answer 7

parathyroid

Question 8

primary hyperparathyroidism commonly due to

Answer 8

-adenoma (80-90%) 
and CA (1%)

Question 9

___ are affected 3x more by hyperparathyroidism

Answer 9

women

Question 10

primary hyperparathyroidism results in ___ serum Ca, ___ phosphate

Answer 10

• increased

- decreased

Question 11

primary hyperparathyroidism __ Ca in urine

Answer 11

increases

Question 12

___ hyperparathyroidism mostly due to Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) resulting in Vit D deficiency

Answer 12

secondary

Question 13

decreased Ca, increased paratharmone and increased phosphate due to ___

Answer 13

secondary hyperthyroidism

Question 14

treatment for hyperparathyroidism

Answer 14

surgery

Question 15

clinical features of hyperparathyroidism include

Answer 15

• painful bones
• renal stones
• abdominal groan
• psychic moans

Question 16

what does the anterior triangle describe

Answer 16

lymph node distribution

Question 17

anterior triangle is subdivided by the ___ and ___ muscles

Answer 17

omohyoid & digastric

Question 18

posterior triangle boarders

Answer 18

SCM
trap
clavicle

Question 19

anterior triangle boundaries

Answer 19

Mandible
SCM
medial line of neck

Question 20

sub mental triangle, submandibular triangle, carotid triangle, muscle triangle are all subdivisions of ___

Answer 20

anterior triangle

Question 21

posterior digastric, SCM, and superior omohyoid are boundaries for ___

Answer 21

carotid triangle

Question 22

mandible, anterior digastric, and posterior digastric are boundaries for ___

Answer 22

submandibular triangle

Question 23

bilateral anterior digastrics, hyoid bone are boundaries of ___

Answer 23

submental triangle

Question 24

superior omohyoid, SCM, median line are boundaries of ___

Answer 24

muscular triangle

Question 25

of levels of neck lymph nodes

Answer 25

7

Question 26

submental / submandibular

Answer 26

level 1

Question 27

from base of skull to hyoid in line of SCM and IJV

Answer 27

level 2

Question 28

from hyoid bone to cricoid

Answer 28

level 3

Question 29

from cricoid to clavicle

Answer 29

level 4

Question 30

includes posterior triangle

Answer 30

level 5

Question 31

perilaryngeal/pre/para tracheal

Answer 31

level 6

Question 32

MEDIASTINUM

Answer 32

level 7

Question 33

where are lymph nodes seen in the neck

Answer 33

around carotid artery / jugular vein

Question 34

lymph nodes are composed of ___, ___

Answer 34

• outer cortex lymphoid follicles

- inner medulla lymphatic sinus/fat/vessel

Question 35

normal LN are __ in sagittal but __ in axial dimension

Answer 35

• long

- short

Question 36

LN diameter <8mm is

Answer 36

benign

Question 37

long axis LN short axis is >2mm

Answer 37

benign

Question 38

benign LN have central ___ hilum

Answer 38

echogenic

Question 39

unsharp boarder in LN is indicative of

Answer 39

benign

Question 40

T/F: hilar vascularity is positive or absent in benign LN

Answer 40

True

Question 41

reactive LN in neck is __

Answer 41

benign

Question 42

enlarged follicle and sinus indicate ___ benign LN

Answer 42

reactive

Question 43

swollen LN with soft/firm inconsistency

Answer 43

infective benign LN

Question 44

symptoms of __ include painful/ tender, fever

Answer 44

infective benign LN

Question 45

oval shape, eccentrick thickening of cortex, nodular boarder (sharp), absent echogenic hilum absent, calcifications

Answer 45

malignant node

Question 46

high resistive index 1.4 indicates

Answer 46

malignant node