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Abdominal > Thyroid Patho > Flashcards

Thyroid Patho Flashcards

1
Q

What are benign pathologies of the thyroid? (6)

A
  • cysts
  • adenomas
  • goiters
  • hyperthyroidism
  • hypothyroidism
  • thyroiditis
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2
Q

T/F: simple cysts of the thyroid are rare?

A

T

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3
Q

Describe most thyroid cysts

A

complex with irregularly shaped walls and internal echoes caused by hemorrhage

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4
Q

Hemorrhagic cysts result from

A

trauma or from degeneration of an adenoma

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5
Q

What may be seen in hemorrhagic cysts?

A

debris or fluid

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6
Q

Describe thyroglossal duct cysts

A
  • constitute 70% of all congenital neck anomalies

- positioned midline anterior to the trachea

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7
Q

What is the thyroglossal duct?

A

embryologic remnant of the thyroid diverticulum

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8
Q

What is the most common thyroid mass?

A

adenoma

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9
Q

What percent of all palpable thyroid nodules are adenomas?

A

85%

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10
Q

Son findings of adenoma

A
  • variable in size
  • usually numerous (unlike carcinomas)
  • any echogenicity
  • may have hyperechoic halo around it due to the fibrous tissue encapsulating it
  • may be loculated, single or multiple if seen with cystic degeneration (some are complex, some simple)
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11
Q

What is a goiter?

A

enlargement of thyroid gland, AKA multinodular goiter

-develop over a long period of time and are usually asymptomatic tho hypothyroidism may develop at later stages

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12
Q

T/F: Cystic degeneration of goiters is uncommon

A

False…may be referred to as multinodular cystic goiter

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13
Q

Classifications of goiters:

A
  • nontoxic (simple)

- toxic (diffuse)

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14
Q

Describe nontoxic (simple) goiters:

A
  • associated with hypothyroidism

- smooth and homogenous but diffusely enlarged

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15
Q

Describe toxic (diffuse) goiters:

A
  • diffuse enlargement of the gland
  • decrease in echogenicity
  • increased vascularity referred to as a thyroid inferno
  • associated with grave’s disease
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16
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

a complex autoimmune disease

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17
Q

Describe hyperthyroidism?

A
  • occurs when overactivity in the thyroid gland causes a metabolic imbalance
  • gland produces too much T3 and T4 causing the body’s chemical reactions to speed up
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18
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease (an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the thyroid causing it to enlarge diffusely as a result of a toxic goiter

19
Q

Hyperthyroidism affects who?

A

women more than men, typically 30-40 years of age

20
Q

Clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism: (12)

A
  • fatigue
  • weightloss
  • trembling hands
  • increase in appetitie
  • intolerant to heat
  • increase in sweating
  • increase in bowel movements
  • protruding eyeballs(exophthalmia)
  • rash on front of legs
  • staring gaze
  • fast HR
  • light menstrual period
21
Q

Describe hypothyroidism?

A
  • occurs when the gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone
  • causes chemical reactions in the body to slow down
  • associated with nontoxic goiter (causes visible swelling of one or both lobes)
22
Q

WHat may cause hypothyroidism?

A

an iron deficiency

23
Q

Clinical symptoms of hypothyroidism? (13)

A
  • fatigue
  • weight gain
  • difficulty losing weight
  • constipation
  • dry and brittle hair
  • hair loss
  • flaky skin
  • heavy menstrual periods
  • intolerance to cold
  • decreased sexual interest
  • hoarse scratchy throat
  • facial edema
  • slow HR
24
Q

What is thyroiditis?

A

-inflammation of thyroid

25
Q

Who does thyroiditis affect?

A

women 30-50 years of age

26
Q

Symptoms of thyroiditis?

A

enlarged, tender thyroid

fever

27
Q

Son findings of thyroiditis

A
  • nodular
  • irregular
  • developing abscess
28
Q

What is the most common cause of thyroiditis?

A

Hashimoto’s disease

29
Q

What is Hashimotos’s disease?

A

disorder of the immune system believed to be caused by lymph system destroying the gland

30
Q

What characterizes Hashimoto’s disease?

A
  • painless, diffuse enlargement of the thryoid gland
  • asymptomatic
  • young to middle aged women
31
Q

Son findings of thyroiditis:

A
  • heterogeneous

- generallly more hypoechoic than normal thyroid

32
Q

When does thyroid cancer occur?

A

when abnormal cells multiply rapidly

33
Q

T/F: a biopsy must be performed to diagnose thryoid cancer?

A

True

34
Q

Son findings of thyroid cancer:

A
  • may be cystic or solid or complex
  • vary in size
  • may be single or multiple (usually they are single)
35
Q

Clinical symptoms of thyroid cancer?

A
  • difficulty swallowing
  • difficutly breathing
  • painless palpable neck mass
36
Q

Son findings of malignancy of thyroid cancer?

A
  • jagged irregular borders
  • poorly marginated
  • hypoechoic lesions
  • calcifications
37
Q

Treatment of thyroid cancer:

A
  • surgical removal of part or all of the gland

- chemotherapy for metastasis

38
Q

4 types of thyroid cancer?

A
  • papillary
  • follicular
  • medulary
  • anaplastic
39
Q

What is the most common form of thyroid cancer?

A

papillary: slow growing, successful treatment

40
Q

Describe follicular thyroid cancer:

A
  • slow growing
  • good cure rate
  • can be difficult to control if it invades blood vessels, lymph nodes or other neck tissues
41
Q

Describe medullary thyroid cancer:

A
  • difficult to control due to its tendency to metastasize

- may be inherited

42
Q

Describe anaplastic thyroid cancer:

A
  • rare
  • fast growing
  • metastasizes readily
  • poor prognosis
  • death occurs within months of dx
43
Q

Most common primary orga

ns for metastatic disease of the thyroid:

A
  • renal cell carcinoma
  • breast
  • lung
  • melanoma
  • recurrent thyroid

Abdominal (15 decks)

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