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Abdominal > Breast > Flashcards

Breast Flashcards

1
Q

what is the leading cause of cancer death among women between 40 and 50 years of age?

A

breast cancer

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2
Q

what are the 3 layers of breast tissue?

A

subcutaneous, mammary/glandular, retromarrary

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3
Q

the functional portion of the breast is made of lobes which contain

A

ducts and milk producing glands

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4
Q

most tumors are found

A

in the upper outer quadrant where there is a higher concentration of lobes
most originate in the ducts

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5
Q

what are Cooper’s ligaments

A

connective tissues in the mammary layer that form a fibrous skeleton responsible for maintaining breast shape

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6
Q

what is the primary purpose of screening

A

detection and diagnosis of breast cancer in its earliest forms

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7
Q

how does breast fat appear on ultrasound

A

hypoechoic to surrounding tissue

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8
Q

breast ducts appear as

A

anechoic tubular structures

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9
Q

fibrous components such as Cooper’s ligament appear

A

as bright linear echoes

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10
Q

glandular/parenchymal tissues appear

A

homogeneous with medium to low level echoes

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11
Q

what is gynecomastia

A

condition in which the ductal elements hypertrophy in the male breast

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12
Q

what are the 6 risk factors that can increase a male’s risk of breast cancer

A 
Klinefelter's sydrome
male to female transexual
history of prior chest wall irradiation
history of orchitis or testicular torsion
liver disease
genetic disposition
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13
Q

what are the 4 sonographic applications

A
  • determining composition of breast mass
  • ruling out presence of lymph node masses that often accompany breast cancer
  • evaluating breast implants
  • guided aspirations and biopsies as an alternative to surgical procedures
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14
Q

spiculations are indicative of

A

malignancy

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15
Q

sonographically spiculations appear

A

as finger like projections, the walls may look fuzzy or indistinct

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16
Q

retraction of the nipple or dimpling of the skin may be caused by

A

malignant lesions which grow through breast tissue and pull on Cooper’s ligaments

17
Q

if a mass measures longer in AP direction than transverse, the mass has a ______ orientation

A

vertical and is suspicious for malignancy

18
Q

which is suspicious for malignancy? hyperechoic or hypoechoic

A

hypoechoic

19
Q

posterior shadowing masses tend to be

A

malignant

20
Q

is a mass benign or malignant if it tends to roll away when it is palpated

A

benign

21
Q

if a mass has increased vascularity or vessels penetrate the mass it is probably

A

malignant

22
Q

what are the 3 symptoms of fibrocystic condition

A
  • lumps and pain that fluctuate with monthly cycle
  • both breasts are equally involved
  • may affect only one area of the breast
23
Q

how does fibrocystic condition appear on sonography?

A

multiple round masses seen as multiple cysts

24
Q

what is the most common benign breast tumor

A

fibroadenoma

25
Q

how does fibroadenoma occur

A

disturbances of normal hormonal mechanism

26
Q

3 symptoms of fibroadenoma

A

firm
rubbery
freely mobile

27
Q

5 sonographic findings of fibroadenoma

A 
round or oval
smooth or lobulated
low level homogeneous echoes
usually hypoechoic
posterior enhancement
28
Q

mastitis may result from (3)

A

infection
trauma
mechanical obstruction in breast ducts

29
Q

3 symptoms of mastitis

A

enlarged breasts
reddened breasts
tenderness

30
Q

where will carcinoma most often occur

A

upper outer quadrant

31
Q

4 symptoms of carcinoma

A

hard fixed mass
nipple discharge
nipple itching or burning
change in breast symmetry or size

32
Q

5 sonographic findings of carcinoma

A 
hypoechoic
angled, irregular margins, microlobulation
posterior shadowing
calcifications
taller than wide
33
Q

what is ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

A

cancer cells present in ducts but haven’t spread through walls into tissue

34
Q

2 sonographic findings for DCIS

A

ductal enlargement

calcifications within duct

35
Q

what is invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) or infiltrating ductal carcinoma

A

begins in ducts and invades fatty tissue

has potential to metastasize via bloodstream and lymphatic system

36
Q

3 sonographic findings for IDC

A

solid hypoechoic
posterior shadowing
irregular and ill defined

37
Q

IDC accounts for ______ of all breast cancers

A

80%

38
Q

infiltrating lobular carcinoma accounts for less than _____ of all breast cancers

A

10%

39
Q

3 sonographic findings of infiltrating lobular carcinoma

A

hypoechoic
irregular, angle shaped margins
posterior enhancement possible

Abdominal (15 decks)

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