Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Attachments that are cord-like or flat sheets

A

aponeuroses

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2
Q

4 types of feather-like muscle patterns that run oblique to the long axis of the muscle

A

unipennate
bipennate
mulitpennate
circumpennate

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3
Q

A deltoid muscle is an example of a _______ muscle

A

unipennate

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4
Q

The gastrocnemius muscle in the calf is a ______ muscle in which the fibers have a central origin

A

bipennate

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5
Q

The large, flat muscles of the external oblique or the trapezius attach with a large flat ______

A

aponeurosis

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6
Q

A collection of tough collagenous fibers that attach the muscle at the proximal and distal portions is a ______

A

tendon

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7
Q

Aponeurosis attachments occur in what muscles?

A

flat muscles, such as rectus abdominis

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8
Q

Why do tendons heal slowly?

A

lack of vascularity

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9
Q

What is a synovial sheath?

A

tubular sac surrounding a tendon

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10
Q

Tendons occur with or without a _______

A

synovial sheath

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11
Q

Synovial sheaths are found in what 4 areas of the body?

A

shoulder
hand
wrist
ankle

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12
Q

Short bands of tough fibers that connect bones to other bones

A

ligaments

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13
Q

Ligaments are especially important in what 3 areas of the body?

A

knees
ankles
shoulders

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14
Q

What is the sac-like structure surrounding joints and tendons that contains synovial fluid?

A

bursa

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15
Q

What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

A

decrease friction between tendon and bone or bone and ligament

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16
Q

The knee joint has ____ number of bursa

A

9

17
Q

What is the modality of choice when imaging MS problems?

A

MRI

18
Q

The biceps tendon is a sheath covered tendon that appears sonographically as

A

hypoechoic halo surrounding the tendon that measures a couple millimeters

19
Q

Acute disease may reveal a sheath that is ______

A

thicker than the tendon

20
Q

Areas of __________ in the hand, wrist and ankle contain tendons with sheaths

A

high stress

21
Q

What fills the fascial compartment of a tendon lacking a synovial sheath?

A

paratenon, a loose areolar connective tissue

22
Q

The joining of the tendon to the bone is _____

A

enthesis

23
Q

The enthesis is approximately ____ long and images longitudinally as a ______, _______ area in the distal tendon

A

1 cm

triangular, hypoechoic

24
Q

Ligaments require a transducer of ____MHz or higher

A

10

25
Q

Ligaments are only imaged in the ______ view

A

longitudinal

26
Q

Many ligaments in the large joints image hyperechoic except for the ______ ligament which appears hypoechoic

A

cruciate (knee)

27
Q

Usually the ligament measures __ to __ mm thick and is _____ in echogenicity

A

2-3

hypoechoic

28
Q

What is anisotropy?

A

occurs when sound beam misses transducer on return because of the curve of the structure

29
Q

What has the most pronounced anisotropy?

A

tendons

30
Q

What maneuver should be performed to correct anisotropy?

A

heel-toe rocking to create the optimal 90 degree angle

31
Q

The bending of transmitted sound to an oblique path is ______

A

edge artifact or refractile shadowing

32
Q

Refractile shadowing appears as a ______ band _____ to the structure

A

hypoechoic

posterior

33
Q

A cause of refractile shadowing is tissue impedance mismatch and is most often seen with

A

complete tendon tear

34
Q

The time of flight artifact occurs most often when imaging _____ patients at the ______ interface

A

obese

muscle-fat

35
Q

The time of flight artifact displaces the image in the _____ plane

A

anteroposterior (axial)

36
Q

The time of flight artifact occurs when the returning sound wave passes through?

A

2 tissues with markedly different speeds