Musculoskeletal Flashcards
Attachments that are cord-like or flat sheets
aponeuroses
4 types of feather-like muscle patterns that run oblique to the long axis of the muscle
unipennate
bipennate
mulitpennate
circumpennate
A deltoid muscle is an example of a _______ muscle
unipennate
The gastrocnemius muscle in the calf is a ______ muscle in which the fibers have a central origin
bipennate
The large, flat muscles of the external oblique or the trapezius attach with a large flat ______
aponeurosis
A collection of tough collagenous fibers that attach the muscle at the proximal and distal portions is a ______
tendon
Aponeurosis attachments occur in what muscles?
flat muscles, such as rectus abdominis
Why do tendons heal slowly?
lack of vascularity
What is a synovial sheath?
tubular sac surrounding a tendon
Tendons occur with or without a _______
synovial sheath
Synovial sheaths are found in what 4 areas of the body?
shoulder
hand
wrist
ankle
Short bands of tough fibers that connect bones to other bones
ligaments
Ligaments are especially important in what 3 areas of the body?
knees
ankles
shoulders
What is the sac-like structure surrounding joints and tendons that contains synovial fluid?
bursa
What is the purpose of synovial fluid?
decrease friction between tendon and bone or bone and ligament
The knee joint has ____ number of bursa
9
What is the modality of choice when imaging MS problems?
MRI
The biceps tendon is a sheath covered tendon that appears sonographically as
hypoechoic halo surrounding the tendon that measures a couple millimeters
Acute disease may reveal a sheath that is ______
thicker than the tendon
Areas of __________ in the hand, wrist and ankle contain tendons with sheaths
high stress
What fills the fascial compartment of a tendon lacking a synovial sheath?
paratenon, a loose areolar connective tissue
The joining of the tendon to the bone is _____
enthesis
The enthesis is approximately ____ long and images longitudinally as a ______, _______ area in the distal tendon
1 cm
triangular, hypoechoic
Ligaments require a transducer of ____MHz or higher
10
Ligaments are only imaged in the ______ view
longitudinal
Many ligaments in the large joints image hyperechoic except for the ______ ligament which appears hypoechoic
cruciate (knee)
Usually the ligament measures __ to __ mm thick and is _____ in echogenicity
2-3
hypoechoic
What is anisotropy?
occurs when sound beam misses transducer on return because of the curve of the structure
What has the most pronounced anisotropy?
tendons
What maneuver should be performed to correct anisotropy?
heel-toe rocking to create the optimal 90 degree angle
The bending of transmitted sound to an oblique path is ______
edge artifact or refractile shadowing
Refractile shadowing appears as a ______ band _____ to the structure
hypoechoic
posterior
A cause of refractile shadowing is tissue impedance mismatch and is most often seen with
complete tendon tear
The time of flight artifact occurs most often when imaging _____ patients at the ______ interface
obese
muscle-fat
The time of flight artifact displaces the image in the _____ plane
anteroposterior (axial)
The time of flight artifact occurs when the returning sound wave passes through?
2 tissues with markedly different speeds
