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Superficial Structures > Thyroid Normal + Path > Flashcards

Thyroid Normal + Path Flashcards

1
Q

The thyroid is the largest __________ gland in the human.

A

Endocrine

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2
Q

The thyroid’s principle responsibility is the maintenance of the ___________.

A

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

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3
Q

The thyroid controls body__________.

A

Metabolism, growth, and development

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4
Q

The thyroid is located in the ______ neck and __________ to the throat.

A

Anterior; inferior-anterior

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5
Q

Humans usually have _______ parathyroid glands.

A

4

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6
Q

The parathyroid glands are located on the _________ aspect thyroid.

A

Posterior medial

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7
Q

PTH is secreted by?

A

Parathyroid

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8
Q

The thyroid has ____ true lobes divided by an ________.

A

2; isthmus

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9
Q

Which lobe of the thyroid is often larger?

A

Right lobe

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10
Q

What is the most common normal variant of the thyroid?

A

Pyramidal lobe

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11
Q

The pyramidal lobe extends ________ from the _________,

A

Superiorly; isthmus

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12
Q

The pyramidal lobe is anterior to the _______ cartilage.

A

Cricoid

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13
Q

What is the normal sonographic appearance of the thyroid?

A

Homogenous with low to medium level echoes

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14
Q

What are the vessel landmarks of the thyroid?

A

Internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery

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15
Q

The vessel landmarks form _______ border of the thyroid gland.

A

Posterior lateral

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16
Q

The IJV is located _________ to the CCA; The CCA is located _________ to the IJV.

A

Lateral; medial

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17
Q

Which muscle is located posterior to each lobe?

A

Longus colli muscle

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18
Q

Which muscle is sometimes mistaken for the parathyroid gland?

A

Longus colli muscle

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19
Q

Which muscle is most posterior to the thyroid?

A

scalenus muscle

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20
Q

The strap muscles consist of the _______.

A

Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid muscles

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21
Q

The strap muscles form the _______ border of the gland.

A

Anteriolateral

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22
Q

What thyroid muscle landmark is the largest?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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23
Q

The thyroid is _______ compared to the muscles and the muscles are ________ compared to the thyroid.

A

Hyperechoic; hypoechoic

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24
Q

Anterior to the thyroid are the _______ and _________ muscles.

A

Strap and SCM

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25
Q

Posterior to the thyroid are the ________ muscles and the _______.

A

Longus colli; NVB

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26
Q

The ________ has a bull’s eye appearance.

A

Esophagus

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27
Q

Which cartilage is the most inferior of the larynx?

A

Cricoid

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28
Q

What are the regular measurements of the thyroid?

A

5 cm x 2cm x 2cm

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29
Q

What is the regular measurement of the isthmus?

A

1.25 cm x 1.25cm

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30
Q

True or false: parathyroid glands can only be found on the external surface of the thyroid.

A

False; parathyroid glands can be found anywhere in the neck

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31
Q

The major NVB consists of?

A

The CCA, IJV, and vagus nerve

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32
Q

The minor NVB consists of?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve and inferior thyroid vessels

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33
Q

True or false: normal parathyroid glands are seen sonographically

A

False

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34
Q

The superior thyroid artery _______ from the ________.

A

Descends; external carotid artery

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35
Q

The inferior thyroid artery _______ from the _______.

A

Ascends; subclavian artery

36
Q

Where do the superior and middle thyroid veins branch from?

A

Internal jugular vein

37
Q

The inferior thyroid vein branches from?

A

Brachiocephalic vein

38
Q

What hormones are produced by the thyroid? (Name and Abbreviation.)

A

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

39
Q

The thyroid distributes ________ into the body.

A

Iodine

40
Q

The thyroid also produces _______ which lowers blood levels of calcium by accelerating calcium absorption by bones.

A

Calcitonin

41
Q

What hormone is released by the hypothalamus?

A

Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)

42
Q

What hormone is released by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

43
Q

True or false: PTH is controlled by the pituitary gland.

A

False; parathyroid hormone is controlled by negative feedback system of calcium levels in the blood.

44
Q

What test determines thyroid function?

A

Radioactive iodine uptake

45
Q

Adenoma is a _______.

A

Benign tumor

46
Q

What is the most common benign neoplasm of the thyroid?

A

Follicular adenoma

47
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a follicular adenoma?

A

Solitary, encapsulated, low-level echoes, homogenous, may have calcification, septations, or debris, peripheral halo (hypoechoic rim)

48
Q

A common characteristic (60-80% of cases), of a thyroid adenoma is a?

A

Peripheral halo (hypoechoic rim)

49
Q

True or false: true simple thyroid cysts are uncommon.

A

True

50
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a thyroid cyst?

A

Anechoic, well defined border, posterior enhancement

51
Q

What is the most common congenital cyst that also appears in early childhood?

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

52
Q

List the thyroid cancers from most to least common.

A

Papillary carcinoma (75-80%), follicular adenocarcinoma (10-20%), medullary carcinoma (5%), Anaplastic carcinoma (<5%), hurthle cell carcinoma

53
Q

What is a goiter?

A

An unusual enlargement of the thyroid gland

54
Q

What is the main cause of a goiter?

A

A lack of iodine

55
Q

What are the two types of goiter?

A

Simple/diffuse and multinodular

56
Q

Describe the sonographic appearance of a multinodular goiter.

A

multiple nodules, Enlarged, heterogenous, asymmetrical, calcified

57
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

A hyper metabolic state of the thyroid gland

58
Q

Hyperthyroidism has _______ serum levels of T3 and T4.

A

elevated

59
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves disease

60
Q

Graves disease is an _______ disorder that causes _______ of the thyroid.

A

Autoimmune; hyperfunction

61
Q

What is the medical term for eye protrusion?

A

Exophthalmos

62
Q

Which thyroid abnormality is consistent with exophthalmos?

A

Graves disease

63
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of grave’s disease?

A

Thyroid interno (hypervascularity), thickened isthmus, heterogenous, goiter

64
Q

Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

Abnormally high metabolic rate, increased temp, pulse, and bp, tremors, weakness, weight loss, restlessness, anxiety, exophalmos

65
Q

What is the most common functional disorder of the thyroid?

A

Hypothyroidism

66
Q

Hypothyroidism has ______ levels of T3 and T4.

A

Low

67
Q

What is the main cause of hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimoto’s disease

68
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

Weakness and fatigue, dry skin, cold intolerance, hoarseness, weight gain, constipation, menstrual irregularities

69
Q

Sonographic appearance of hypothyroidism?

A

Diffuse asymmetric enlargement, heterogeneous, decreased echogenicity, discrete nodules

70
Q

Subacute thyroiditis is believed to be caused by a ________.

A

Viral infection

71
Q

Signs and symptoms of subacute thyroiditis?

A

Fever, tenderness, elevated WBCs, fatigue

72
Q

Sonographic appearance of subacute thyroidites?

A

Decreased echogenicity, glandular enlargement, discrete nodules or calcifications, decreased blood flow

73
Q

What can distinguish benign from malignant nodules?

A

FNA (fine needle aspiration)

74
Q

Benign nodule characteristics

A

well defined margins, thin complete halo, eggshell calcifications, hypercchoic, cystic

75
Q

Malignant nodule characteristics

A

Solitary, irregular walls, thick incomplete halo, punctuate calcifications, solid to cystic, hypoechoic to parenchyma, irregular circumscribed

76
Q

What does a radioactive iodine uptake scan do?

A

evaluates thyroid function and TSH

77
Q

A hot module is typically _______ and has a _____ amount of radionucleide uptake.

A

Benign; high

78
Q

A cold module has a higher chance of_______ and has a _____ amount of radionucleide uptake.

A

Malignancy; low

79
Q

Which type of thyroid cancer typically occurs with a family history of thyroid cancer?

A

Medullary

80
Q

PTH _____ phosphorus blood levels.

A

decreases

81
Q

PTH ________ blood calcium levels.

A

Increases

82
Q

True or False: goiter can affect one or both lobes of the thyroid

A

True

83
Q

True or False: goiter can affect one or both lobes of the thyroid

A

True

84
Q

Chronic goiter can lead to?

A

dysphagia and inspiration stridor

85
Q

The parathyroid is considered abnormal if it measures more than ?

A

6 mm

86
Q

What is the most common cause of an enlargement of parathyroid glands?

A

parathyroid adenoma

87
Q

What is the normal measurement of the parathyroid glands?

A

5x3x1 mm

Superficial Structures (7 decks)

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