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Thyroid Normal + Path Flashcards

1
Q

The thyroid is the largest __________ gland in the human.

A

Endocrine

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2
Q

The thyroid’s principle responsibility is the maintenance of the ___________.

A

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

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3
Q

The thyroid controls body__________.

A

Metabolism, growth, and development

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4
Q

The thyroid is located in the ______ neck and __________ to the throat.

A

Anterior; inferior-anterior

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5
Q

Humans usually have _______ parathyroid glands.

A

4

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6
Q

The parathyroid glands are located on the _________ aspect thyroid.

A

Posterior medial

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7
Q

PTH is secreted by?

A

Parathyroid

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8
Q

The thyroid has ____ true lobes divided by an ________.

A

2; isthmus

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9
Q

Which lobe of the thyroid is often larger?

A

Right lobe

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10
Q

What is the most common normal variant of the thyroid?

A

Pyramidal lobe

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11
Q

The pyramidal lobe extends ________ from the _________,

A

Superiorly; isthmus

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12
Q

The pyramidal lobe is anterior to the _______ cartilage.

A

Cricoid

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13
Q

What is the normal sonographic appearance of the thyroid?

A

Homogenous with low to medium level echoes

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14
Q

What are the vessel landmarks of the thyroid?

A

Internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery

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15
Q

The vessel landmarks form _______ border of the thyroid gland.

A

Posterior lateral

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16
Q

The IJV is located _________ to the CCA; The CCA is located _________ to the IJV.

A

Lateral; medial

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17
Q

Which muscle is located posterior to each lobe of the thyroid?

A

Longus colli muscle

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18
Q

Which muscle is sometimes mistaken for the parathyroid gland?

A

Longus colli muscle

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19
Q

Which muscle is most posterior to the thyroid?

A

scalenus muscle

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20
Q

The strap muscles consist of the _______.

A

Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid muscles

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21
Q

The strap muscles form the _______ border of the gland.

A

Anteriolateral

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22
Q

What thyroid muscle landmark is the largest?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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23
Q

The thyroid is _______ compared to the muscles and the muscles are ________ compared to the thyroid.

A

Hyperechoic; hypoechoic

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24
Q

Anterior to the thyroid are the _______ and _________ muscles.

A

Strap and SCM

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25
Posterior to the thyroid are the ________ muscles and the _______.
Longus colli; NVB
26
The ________ has a bull's eye appearance.
Trachea
27
Which cartilage is the most inferior of the larynx?
Cricoid
28
What are the regular measurements of the thyroid?
5 cm x 2cm x 2cm
29
What is the regular measurement of the isthmus?
1.25 cm x 1.25cm
30
True or false: parathyroid glands can only be found on the external surface of the thyroid.
False; parathyroid glands can be found anywhere in the neck
31
The major NVB consists of?
The CCA, IJV, and vagus nerve
32
The minor NVB consists of?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve and inferior thyroid vessels
33
True or false: normal parathyroid glands are seen sonographically
False
34
The superior thyroid artery _______ from the ________.
Descends; external carotid artery
35
The inferior thyroid artery _______ from the _______.
Ascends; subclavian artery
36
Where do the superior and middle thyroid veins branch from?
Internal jugular vein
37
The inferior thyroid vein branches from?
Brachiocephalic vein
38
What hormones are produced by the thyroid? (Name and Abbreviation.)
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
39
The thyroid distributes ________ into the body.
Iodine
40
The thyroid also produces _______ which lowers blood levels of calcium by accelerating calcium absorption by bones.
Calcitonin
41
What hormone is released by the hypothalamus?
Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
42
What hormone is released by the anterior pituitary gland?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
43
True or false: PTH is controlled by the pituitary gland.
False; parathyroid hormone is controlled by negative feedback system of calcium levels in the blood.
44
What test determines thyroid function?
Radioactive iodine uptake
45
Adenoma is a _______.
Benign tumor
46
What is the most common benign neoplasm of the thyroid?
Follicular adenoma
47
What is the sonographic appearance of a follicular adenoma?
Solitary, encapsulated, low-level echoes, homogenous, may have calcification, septations, or debris, **peripheral halo (hypoechoic rim)**
48
A common characteristic (60-80% of cases), of a thyroid adenoma is a?
Peripheral halo (hypoechoic rim)
49
True or false: true simple thyroid cysts are uncommon.
True
50
What is the sonographic appearance of a thyroid cyst?
Anechoic, well defined border, posterior enhancement
51
What is the most common congenital cyst that also appears in early childhood?
Thyroglossal duct cyst
52
List the thyroid cancers from most to least common.
Papillary carcinoma (75-80%), follicular adenocarcinoma (10-20%), medullary carcinoma (5%), Anaplastic carcinoma (<5%), hurthle cell carcinoma
53
What is goiter?
An unusual enlargement of the thyroid gland
54
What is the main cause of a goiter?
A lack of iodine
55
What are the two types of goiter?
Simple/diffuse and multinodular
56
Describe the sonographic appearance of a multinodular goiter.
multiple nodules, Enlarged, heterogenous, asymmetrical, calcified
57
What is hyperthyroidism?
A hyper metabolic state of the thyroid gland
58
Hyperthyroidism has _______ serum levels of T3 and T4.
elevated
59
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease
60
Graves disease is an _______ disorder that causes _______ of the thyroid.
Autoimmune; hyperfunction
61
What is the medical term for eye protrusion?
Exophthalmos
62
Which thyroid abnormality is consistent with exophthalmos?
Graves disease
63
What is the sonographic appearance of grave's disease?
**Thyroid interno (hypervascularity)**, thickened isthmus, heterogenous, goiter
64
Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Abnormally high metabolic rate, increased temp, pulse, and bp, tremors, weakness, weight loss, restlessness, anxiety, exophalmos
65
What is the most common functional disorder of the thyroid?
Hypothyroidism
66
Hypothyroidism has ______ levels of T3 and T4.
Low
67
What is the main cause of hypothyroidism?
Hashimoto's disease
68
Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Weakness and fatigue, dry skin, cold intolerance, hoarseness, weight gain, constipation, menstrual irregularities
69
Sonographic appearance of hypothyroidism?
Diffuse asymmetric enlargement, heterogeneous, decreased echogenicity, discrete nodules
70
Subacute thyroiditis is believed to be caused by a ________.
Viral infection
71
Signs and symptoms of subacute thyroiditis?
Fever, tenderness, elevated WBCs, fatigue
72
Sonographic appearance of subacute thyroiditis?
Decreased echogenicity, glandular enlargement, discrete nodules or calcifications, decreased blood flow
73
What can distinguish benign from malignant nodules?
FNA (fine needle aspiration)
74
Benign nodule characteristics
well defined margins, thin complete halo, eggshell calcifications, hypercchoic, cystic
75
Malignant nodule characteristics
Solitary, irregular walls, thick incomplete halo, punctuate calcifications, solid to cystic, hypoechoic to parenchyma, irregular circumscribed
76
What does a radioactive iodine uptake scan do?
evaluates thyroid function and TSH
77
A hot module is typically _______ and has a _____ amount of radionucleide uptake.
Benign; high
78
A cold module has a higher chance of_______ and has a _____ amount of radionucleide uptake.
Malignancy; low
79
Which type of thyroid cancer typically occurs with a family history of thyroid cancer?
Medullary
80
PTH _____ phosphorus blood levels.
decreases
81
PTH ________ blood calcium levels.
Increases
82
True or False: goiter can affect one or both lobes of the thyroid
True
83
True or False: goiter can affect one or both lobes of the thyroid
True
84
Chronic goiter can lead to?
dysphagia and inspiration stridor
85
The parathyroid is considered abnormal if it measures more than ?
6 mm
86
What is the most common cause of an enlargement of parathyroid glands?
parathyroid adenoma
87
What is the normal measurement of the parathyroid glands?
5x3x1 mm

Superficial Structures (7 decks)

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