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Breast Normal Flashcards

1
Q

Breasts contain what glands?

A

Apocrine glands

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2
Q

What is the main function of the apocrine glands?

A

Produce milk for offspring

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3
Q

The functional layer of the breast is also called?

A

Mammary layer, functional parenchyma, parenchymal layer

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4
Q

The suspensory ligaments are also called?

A

The Ligaments of Cooper or Cooper’s Ligaments

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5
Q

What is the function of Cooper’s ligaments?

A

supports weight of breast

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6
Q

Cooper’s Ligaments divide the gland into?

A

lobes and lobules

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7
Q

The suspensory ligaments extend _______ from the ________.

A

radially; deep fascia

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8
Q

How do the Ligament’s of Cooper appear sonographically?

A

thin, echogenic, curvilinear bands; saw tooth pattern

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9
Q

The average parenchyma of each breast contains how many lobes? Lobules?

A

15-20; 20-40

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10
Q

What is a TDLU?

A

terminal ductolobular units

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11
Q

What are the lobes of the breast separated by?

A

adipose tissue

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12
Q

What is the function of lobules?

A

secrete milk through the secondary tubules

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13
Q

What is the most common location of an ectopic breast or nipple?

A

Tail of Spence

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14
Q

The tail of Spence extends into what region?

A

axillar

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15
Q

How many lactiferous ducts are in each lobe? In each breast?

A

1; 15-20

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16
Q

What is the function of the lactiferous ducts?

A

convey milk from lobes to exterior through the nipple

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17
Q

What is the path of milk from the lobules?

A

lobules (make their own milk) —> secondary ducts —> mammary ducts —> lactiferous ducts —> nipple

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18
Q

What is the path of milk from the lobes?

A

acini cells (make milk) —> lactiferous ducts —> nipple

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19
Q

What is the function of the mammary ducts?

A

duct between secondary ducts and nipple for milk to pass through

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20
Q

The ampullae are also known as?

A

Lactiferous sinuses

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21
Q

The lactiferous sinuses are formed by?

A

Expanded mammary ducts

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22
Q

What is the function of the ampullae?

A

Store milk during breastfeeding

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23
Q

What is the areola?

A

Pigmented area that surrounds the nipple

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24
Q

The areola contains _______ and _______.

A

Sebaceous glands; Montgomery’s tubercles

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25
The male breast is mostly _____ and ______.
nipple; areola
26
What are Montgomery’s tubercles?
sebaceous glands on the areola that secrete oily substance
27
What is the function of Montgomery’s tubercles?
secret oily substance to prevent cracking during breastfeeding and prevent bacterial growth
28
True or False: Men also have Montgomery’s tubercles
False
29
The deep fascia is also known as?
The retromammary space
30
What is the retromammary space?
fat filled space between breast and pectoralis major muscle
31
Which muscle lies posterior to the retromammary space?
pectoralis major muscle
32
You should not confused the ____ with masses.
Ribs
33
The breast is located on the ______ chest wall, _______ to the axilla
anterior; adjacent
34
What is the most superior linear structure of the breast?
Skin
35
How does the skin appear sonographically?
two thin reflective bands encasing a band of medium level echoes
36
Subcutaneous fat appears _______ compared to other breast tissue.
hypoechoic
37
How do lobules appear sonographically?
hypoechoic
38
Glandular tissue is usually _______ and _______ sonographically.
homogenous; echogenic
39
Glandular tissue appearance varies with ____, ______, and ______.
age; body habitus, hormones
40
Juvenile breast tissue appears _______ sonographically.
echogenic (little fat)
41
Compared to juvenile breast tissue, premenopausal breast tissue appears more _______ sonographically.
hypoechoic (more fat than juvenile)
42
Postmenopausal breast tissue appears more _______ sonographically than premenopausal.
hypoechoic (high amount of fat)
43
During pregnancy, glandular tissue ________ in echogenicity sonographically.
increases
44
How do ducts appear sonographically?
anechoic
45
The retromammary fat defines the ______ boundary of the glandular tissue.
posterior
46
The retromammary fat appears _______ sonographically.
hypoechoic
47
The pectoralis muscle has _______ level echoes _______ to the mammary layer.
low to medium; posterior
48
The nipple appears _______ with ________ level echoes.
homogenous; low to medium
49
The nipple can cause what artifact?
Acoustics shadowing
50
In order to visualize the subareolar region, place the transducer ______ to the nipple.
tangential
51
The ribs appear as _____ and ______ structures.
oval; hypoechoic
52
The ribs are _______ to the pectoralis major muscle.
posterior
53
The ribs cause what artifact?
Acoustic shadowing
54
Lymph nodes appear how sonographically?
flat, oval, hypoechoic, and solid
55
Normal lymph nodes contain?
A peripheral halo and echogenic fatty hilus
56
Milk secretion is driven by which hormone?
prolactin
57
Prolactin is released from the ________ and is under the influence of ______ and _____.
anterior pituitary gland; estrogen; progesterone
58
Milk ejection occurs because of which hormone? What triggers this hormone?
oxytocin; infant sucking
59
Oxytocin is released by the ?
Posterior pituitary gland
60
Puberty is stimulated by ______ from the ______.
Estrogen; ovaries
61
During menopause, the glandular system _____.
atrophies
62
What vessels supply the lateral breast?
thoracic aorta—-> posterior intercostal arteries
63
What vessels supply the medial breast?
subclavian artery —-> internal thoracic artery
64
What vessels supply the posterior breast?
axillary artery——> lateral thoracic artery
65
True or false: the veins of the breast follow the same course as the arteries.
True
66
How is malignancy transferred in the breast?
Lymph nodes
67
What transducer is best for scanning the breast? For large, dense breasts?
Linear 8-12 MHz or 5MHz
68
What is the smallest functional unit of the breast?
acini cells/alveoli
69
Coopers ligaments, connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves are found in which layer?
Premammary Layer
70
Lymph nodes are not seen sonographically unless they measure _______.
>1 cm
71
The brachiocephalic artery and vein are also called?
The innominate artery and vein

Superficial Structures (7 decks)

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