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Superficial Structures > Breast Normal > Flashcards

Breast Normal Flashcards

1
Q

Breasts contain what glands?

A

Apocrine glands

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2
Q

What is the main function of the apocrine glands?

A

Produce milk for offspring

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3
Q

The functional layer of the breast is also called?

A

Mammary layer, functional parenchyma, parenchymal layer

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4
Q

The suspensory ligaments are also called?

A

The Ligaments of Cooper or Cooper’s Ligaments

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5
Q

What is the function of Cooper’s ligaments?

A

supports weight of breast

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6
Q

Cooper’s Ligaments divide the gland into?

A

lobes and lobules

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7
Q

The suspensory ligaments extend _______ from the ________.

A

radially; deep fascia

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8
Q

How do the Ligament’s of Cooper appear sonographically?

A

thin, echogenic, curvilinear bands; saw tooth pattern

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9
Q

The average parenchyma of each breast contains how many lobes? Lobules?

A

15-20; 20-40

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10
Q

What is a TDLU?

A

terminal ductolobular units

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11
Q

What are the lobes of the breast separated by?

A

adipose tissue

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12
Q

What is the function of lobules?

A

secrete milk through the secondary tubules

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13
Q

What is the most common location of an ectopic breast or nipple?

A

Tail of Spence

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14
Q

The tail of Spence extends into what region?

A

axillar

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15
Q

How many lactiferous ducts are in each lobe? In each breast?

A

1; 15-20

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16
Q

What is the function of the lactiferous ducts?

A

convey milk from lobes to exterior through the nipple

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17
Q

What is the path of milk from the lobules?

A

lobules (make their own milk) —> secondary ducts —> mammary ducts —> lactiferous ducts —> nipple

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18
Q

What is the path of milk from the lobes?

A

acini cells (make milk) —> lactiferous ducts —> nipple

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19
Q

What is the function of the mammary ducts?

A

duct between secondary ducts and nipple for milk to pass through

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20
Q

The ampullae are also known as?

A

Lactiferous sinuses

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21
Q

The lactiferous sinuses are formed by?

A

Expanded mammary ducts

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22
Q

What is the function of the ampullae?

A

Store milk during breastfeeding

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23
Q

What is the areola?

A

Pigmented area that surrounds the nipple

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24
Q

The areola contains _______ and _______.

A

Sebaceous glands; Montgomery’s tubercles

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25
Q

The male breast is mostly _____ and ______.

A

nipple; areola

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26
Q

What are Montgomery’s tubercles?

A

sebaceous glands on the areola that secrete oily substance

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27
Q

What is the function of Montgomery’s tubercles?

A

secret oily substance to prevent cracking during breastfeeding and prevent bacterial growth

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28
Q

True or False: Men also have Montgomery’s tubercles

A

False

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29
Q

The deep fascia is also known as?

A

The retromammary space

30
Q

What is the retromammary space?

A

fat filled space between breast and pectoralis major muscle

31
Q

Which muscle lies posterior to the retromammary space?

A

pectoralis major muscle

32
Q

You should not confused the ____ with masses.

A

Ribs

33
Q

The breast is located on the ______ chest wall, _______ to the axilla

A

anterior; adjacent

34
Q

What is the most superior linear structure of the breast?

A

Skin

35
Q

How does the skin appear sonographically?

A

two thin reflective bands encasing a band of medium level echoes

36
Q

Subcutaneous fat appears _______ compared to other breast tissue.

A

hypoechoic

37
Q

How do lobules appear sonographically?

A

hypoechoic

38
Q

Glandular tissue is usually _______ and _______ sonographically.

A

homogenous; echogenic

39
Q

Glandular tissue appearance varies with ____, ______, and ______.

A

age; body habitus, hormones

40
Q

Juvenile breast tissue appears _______ sonographically.

A

echogenic (little fat)

41
Q

Compared to juvenile breast tissue, premenopausal breast tissue appears more _______ sonographically.

A

hypoechoic (more fat than juvenile)

42
Q

Postmenopausal breast tissue appears more _______ sonographically than premenopausal.

A

hypoechoic (high amount of fat)

43
Q

During pregnancy, glandular tissue ________ in echogenicity sonographically.

A

increases

44
Q

How do ducts appear sonographically?

A

anechoic

45
Q

The retromammary fat defines the ______ boundary of the glandular tissue.

A

posterior

46
Q

The retromammary fat appears _______ sonographically.

A

hypoechoic

47
Q

The pectoralis muscle has _______ level echoes _______ to the mammary layer.

A

low to medium; posterior

48
Q

The nipple appears _______ with ________ level echoes.

A

homogenous; low to medium

49
Q

The nipple can cause what artifact?

A

Acoustics shadowing

50
Q

In order to visualize the subareolar region, place the transducer ______ to the nipple.

A

tangential

51
Q

The ribs appear as _____ and ______ structures.

A

oval; hypoechoic

52
Q

The ribs are _______ to the pectoralis major muscle.

A

posterior

53
Q

The ribs cause what artifact?

A

Acoustic shadowing

54
Q

Lymph nodes appear how sonographically?

A

flat, oval, hypoechoic, and solid

55
Q

Normal lymph nodes contain?

A

A peripheral halo and echogenic fatty hilus

56
Q

Milk secretion is driven by which hormone?

A

prolactin

57
Q

Prolactin is released from the ________ and is under the influence of ______ and _____.

A

anterior pituitary gland; estrogen; progesterone

58
Q

Milk ejection occurs because of which hormone? What triggers this hormone?

A

oxytocin; infant sucking

59
Q

Oxytocin is released by the ?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

60
Q

Puberty is stimulated by ______ from the ______.

A

Estrogen; ovaries

61
Q

During menopause, the glandular system _____.

A

atrophies

62
Q

What vessels supply the lateral breast?

A

thoracic aorta—-> posterior intercostal arteries

63
Q

What vessels supply the medial breast?

A

subclavian artery —-> internal thoracic artery

64
Q

What vessels supply the posterior breast?

A

axillary artery——> lateral thoracic artery

65
Q

True or false: the veins of the breast follow the same course as the arteries.

A

True

66
Q

How is malignancy transferred in the breast?

A

Lymph nodes

67
Q

What transducer is best for scanning the breast? For large, dense breasts?

A

Linear 8-12 MHz or 5MHz

68
Q

What is the smallest functional unit of the breast?

A

acini cells/alveoli

69
Q

Coopers ligaments, connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves are found in which layer?

A

Premammary Layer

70
Q

Lymph nodes are not seen sonographically unless they measure _______.

A

> 1 cm

71
Q

The brachiocephalic artery and vein are also called?

A

The innominate artery and vein

Superficial Structures (7 decks)

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