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Physiology II > Thyroid Hormones (Lec 16) > Flashcards

Thyroid Hormones (Lec 16) Flashcards

1
Q

___ mg of Iodine are required each year

A

50

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2
Q

Iodine is absorbed from gut tract in same manner as what?

A

chlorides

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3
Q

What symporter is in the basal membrane of thyroid cell?

A

sodium-iodide

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4
Q

Where does energy for sodium-iodide pump come from?

A

sodium-potassium ATPase pump

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5
Q

Iodide can be concentrated inside the cell ____ X plasma concentration

A

30-250

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6
Q

Iodide is transported across apical membrane of cell into follicle via what?

A

chloride-iodide counter-transporter = pendrin

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7
Q

Thyroid cells secrete ___ into follicle

A

thyroglobulin

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8
Q

Each thyroglobulin molecule has about ___ tyrosine amino acids which bind iodine to form thyroid hormones

A

70

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9
Q

Iodide ions are converted to what?

A

an oxidized form of iodine: either nascent iodine or I3-

note: these can bind directly to tyrosine

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10
Q

The major hormonal product of iodine metabolism is what?

A

thyroxine (T4)

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11
Q

How is thyroxine formed?

A

when two molecules of diiodotyrosine are joined together or one monoiodotyrosine may combine with one diiodotyrosine to form triiodothyronine (T3)

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12
Q

Each thyroglobulin contains about ___ molecules of thyroxine

A

30

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13
Q

The thyroid can store several months supply of what?

A

thyroid hormones

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14
Q

In regards to the release of thyroid hormones, the apical surface of thyroid cells pinch off small portions of the ___ ___ to form pinocytic vesicles

A

follicular colloid

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15
Q

In regards to the release of thyroid hormones, lysosomes fuse with vesicles and digest thyroglobulin molecules to release what?

A

thyroxine and triodothyronine (thyroid hormones)

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16
Q

In regards to the release of thyroid hormones, they diffuse where?

A

into blood

17
Q

In regards to the release of thyroid hormones, most of the iodinated tyrosine in the thyroglobulin does not become thyroid hormones but is recycled using what?

A

a deiodinase enzyme

18
Q

In regards to the release of thyroid hormones, most of released thyroid hormone is thyroxine which then is slowly deiodinated to from what?

A

triiodothyronine

19
Q

In regards to the release of thyroid hormones, most thyroid hormones entering blood are immediately bound to plasma proteins synthesized where?

A

in the liver

20
Q

True or false?
In regards to the release of thyroid hormones, plasma proteins have a high affinity for thyroid hormones so the hormones are released rapidly to tissue cells

A

false; slowly to tissue cells

21
Q

Increased transcription of a large number of genes, increased cellular metabolic activity, effect on growth, effects on specific bodily mechanisms are all physiological functions caused by what?

A

thyroid hormones

22
Q

List some of the specific bodily mechanisms thyroid hormones provoke

A

stimulation of carbohydrate metabolism, stimulation of fat metabolism, effect on plasma and liver fats, increased requirement for vitamins, increased BMR, decreased body weight

23
Q

What are thyroid hormone’s effects on the cardiovascular system?

A

increased blood flow and cardiac output, increased heart rate, normal arterial pressure, increased respiration

24
Q

What do thyroid hormones do to the GI system?

A

increase GI motility

25
Q

What are thyroid hormone’s effects on CNS

A

excitatory

26
Q

True or false?

Thryoid hormones can cause muscle tremor

A

true

27
Q

In regards to sleep, endocrine, glands, and sexual function; do thyroid hormones have a positive or negative effect on these three things?

A

negative

28
Q

TSH has what effect on thyroid hormone?

A

increases release of thyroid hormone

29
Q

TRH has what effect on on thyroid hormone secretion?

A

stimulates release of TSH

30
Q

Grave’s disease and Adenoma are two causes of what?

A

hyperthyroidism

31
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

high state of excitability, intolerance to heat, increased sweating, mild to extreme weight loss, varying degrees of diarrhea, muscle weakness, nervousness, extreme fatigue, inability to sleep, tremor in hands, exophthalmos (eyes bulging out)

32
Q

How is hyperthyroidism treated?

A

surgical removal of most of thyroid gland; treatment with radioactive iodine

33
Q

what is the major issue with removal of thyroid gland?

A

removal of parathyroid glands = death

34
Q

What are the causes of hypothyroidism?

A

hashimoto disease (autoimmunity), endemic goiter, cretinism

35
Q

Myexdema and atherosclerosis are symptoms of what?

A

hypothyroidism

36
Q

How is hypothyroidism treated?

A

oral medication

37
Q

In regards to antithyroid drugs, what do thiocyanate ions do?

A

inhibit iodine uptake

38
Q

In regards to antithyroid drugs, what does propylthiouracil do?

A

inhibits peroxidase

39
Q

In regards to antithyroid drugs, what do iodides do?

A

decrease thyroid activity when present in very high concentrations

Physiology II (19 decks)

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