Energy Balance and Metabolism II (Lec 13) Flashcards
ATP is generated by the combustion of what 3 things?
carbs, FAs, and proteins
Synthesis of cellular components, muscle contraction, active transport across membranes, glandular secretion, and nerve conduction are all energized by what?
ATP
What does phosphocreatine function as?
an accessory storage depot for energy and as an “ATP buffer”
Phosphocreatine has a high energy ___ bond (13,000 cal)
phosphate
True or false?
Phosphocreatine is 3X more abundant than ATP
true
True or false?
Phosphocreatine can participate directly in energy transfer
false; can’t participate directly
Can phosphocreatine transfer energy interchangeably with ATP?
yes
___ equilibrium occurs among tissue proteins, plasma proteins, and plasma amino acids
reverse
Synthesis of alanine from pyruvic acid occurs by ___
transamination
What is the name of the enzyme used in synthesis of alanine from pyruvic acid?
transaminase
What type of bonds are formed between successive amino acids?
peptide
What are essential amino acids?
amino acids not made by the body which is why they must come from food
What are nonessential amino acids?
amino acids required for normal health and can be synthesized by the body
In regards to protein synthesis, formation of ___ ___ is among the most important of intracellular processes that require energy
peptide linkages
Different peptide linkages require anywhere from ___ to ___ calories per mole
500 to 5000
What are four ways that a peptide bond can be formed?
AA + ATP -> AA-AMP + 2Pi
AA-AMP + tRNA -> AA-tRNA +AMP
Attachment of tRNA to mRNA via codon-anticodon pairing
Formation of peptide bond with second AA using peptidyl transferase + GTP
How many high energy phosphate bonds are needed to form one peptide linkage?
4
note: peptide linkage = 48,000 cal, but each peptide bond only stores 500-5000 cal
What happens to excess AAs in the body fluids?
degraded and used for energy
What is the first step of AA degradation? What does it involve?
deamination; generally involves transamination and one of the end products is ammonia
Two molecules of ammonia + one molecule of carbon dioxide are combined in the ___ to form ___
liver; urea
Production of urea occurs in what cycle?
urea (ornithine) cycle
True or false? The Urea (ornithine) cycle was discovered by Krebs 5 years before he discovred the CAC
true
What are the steps of the urea cycle in the mitochondria?
Ammonia + CO2 -> carbamoyl phosphate
carbamoyl phosphate + ornithine ->citrulline
What are the steps of the urea cycle in the cytoplasm?
citrulline + aspartate -> argininosuccinate
argininosuccinate -> arginine + fumarate
arginine -> urea + ornithine
note: fumarate can enter CAC
The rate of overall chemical reaction is determined by what?
concentration of the enzyme; concentration of substrate