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Physiology II > Energy Balance and Metabolism II (Lec 13) > Flashcards

Energy Balance and Metabolism II (Lec 13) Flashcards

1
Q

ATP is generated by the combustion of what 3 things?

A

carbs, FAs, and proteins

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2
Q

Synthesis of cellular components, muscle contraction, active transport across membranes, glandular secretion, and nerve conduction are all energized by what?

A

ATP

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3
Q

What does phosphocreatine function as?

A

an accessory storage depot for energy and as an “ATP buffer”

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4
Q

Phosphocreatine has a high energy ___ bond (13,000 cal)

A

phosphate

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5
Q

True or false?

Phosphocreatine is 3X more abundant than ATP

A

true

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6
Q

True or false?

Phosphocreatine can participate directly in energy transfer

A

false; can’t participate directly

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7
Q

Can phosphocreatine transfer energy interchangeably with ATP?

A

yes

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8
Q

___ equilibrium occurs among tissue proteins, plasma proteins, and plasma amino acids

A

reverse

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9
Q

Synthesis of alanine from pyruvic acid occurs by ___

A

transamination

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10
Q

What is the name of the enzyme used in synthesis of alanine from pyruvic acid?

A

transaminase

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11
Q

What type of bonds are formed between successive amino acids?

A

peptide

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12
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

amino acids not made by the body which is why they must come from food

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13
Q

What are nonessential amino acids?

A

amino acids required for normal health and can be synthesized by the body

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14
Q

In regards to protein synthesis, formation of ___ ___ is among the most important of intracellular processes that require energy

A

peptide linkages

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15
Q

Different peptide linkages require anywhere from ___ to ___ calories per mole

A

500 to 5000

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16
Q

What are four ways that a peptide bond can be formed?

A

AA + ATP -> AA-AMP + 2Pi

AA-AMP + tRNA -> AA-tRNA +AMP

Attachment of tRNA to mRNA via codon-anticodon pairing

Formation of peptide bond with second AA using peptidyl transferase + GTP

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17
Q

How many high energy phosphate bonds are needed to form one peptide linkage?

A

4

note: peptide linkage = 48,000 cal, but each peptide bond only stores 500-5000 cal

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18
Q

What happens to excess AAs in the body fluids?

A

degraded and used for energy

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19
Q

What is the first step of AA degradation? What does it involve?

A

deamination; generally involves transamination and one of the end products is ammonia

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20
Q

Two molecules of ammonia + one molecule of carbon dioxide are combined in the ___ to form ___

A

liver; urea

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21
Q

Production of urea occurs in what cycle?

A

urea (ornithine) cycle

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22
Q 
True or false?
The Urea (ornithine) cycle was discovered by Krebs 5 years before he discovred the CAC
A

true

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23
Q

What are the steps of the urea cycle in the mitochondria?

A

Ammonia + CO2 -> carbamoyl phosphate

carbamoyl phosphate + ornithine ->citrulline

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24
Q

What are the steps of the urea cycle in the cytoplasm?

A

citrulline + aspartate -> argininosuccinate

argininosuccinate -> arginine + fumarate

arginine -> urea + ornithine

note: fumarate can enter CAC

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25
The rate of overall chemical reaction is determined by what?
concentration of the enzyme; concentration of substrate
26
When the substrate is high, what is the reaction rate determined by?
almost entirely by concentration of enzyme ex: diabetes and glucose
27
Explain how diabetes affects reaction rate
large quantities of glucose enter renal tubules; glucose (substrate) is in great excess in the tubules; transport enzymes become saturated; further increases in glucose levels in tubules have little effect on glucose reabsorption; glucose reabsorption rate is limited by concentration of transport enzymes
28
What happens to the reaction rate when enzyme concentration is high?
reaction rate becomes directly proportional to concentration of substrate and enzyme
29
What is an example of reaction rate when enzyme concentration is high?
absorption of substances from intestinal tract and renal tubules when concentrations of the substrate are low compared to transport enzymes
30
Rate of the overall reaction is determined by both the concentration of the ___ and the concentration of the ___
enzyme; substrate
31
True or false? | most chemical reaction in the body occur in series
true
32
The overall rate of a series of chemical reactions is determine by what?
the rate of reaction of the slowest step in the series
33
What is the slowest step in a reaction called?
rate-limiting step
34
What is the major rate-limiting factor for almost all energy metabolism in the body?
ADP
35
True or false? | cellular concentrations of ADP are high
false; low
36
Chemical reactions that depend on ADP as one of the substrates are very slow? or very fast?
very slow
37
All oxidative metabolic pathways and other pathways for the release of energy are examples of what?
ADP substrate dependence
38
ATP is converted to ADP during cellular activity; therefore ADP concentration ___ during cellular activity
increases
39
Increased concentration of ADP ___ reaction rates
increases
40
About ___% of energy in foods becomes heat during ATP formation
35
41
More ___ is produced in the transfer of energy from ATP to the functional systems of cells
heat
42
No more than ___% of energy from food is used by the functional systems.
27 note: most of this 27% is finally converted to heat
43
Arousal vs sleeping; skeletal muscle; age; thyroid activity; testosterone; growth hormone; fever; sleep; malnutrition are all factors that influence what?
metabolic rate
44
In regards to basal metabolic rate, ___% of energy expended by the body is derived from oxidative phosphorylation involving different kinds of foods
95
45
Whole-body metabolic rate can be calculated from rate of what?
oxygen utilization
46
In regards to basal metabolic rate, 1 liter of oxygen is metabolized with what?
``` glucose = 5.01 cal fat = 4.7 cal protein = 4.6 cal ```
47
In regards to basal metabolic rate, energy liberated per liter of oxygen with average diet averages about 4.825 cal = ?
energy equivalent of oxygen
48
In regards basal metabolic rate, the average 70kg man lying in bed all day uses ___ cal per day.
1650
49
In regards basal metabolic rate, the average 70kg man lying in bed all day and eating a reasonable diet uses ___ cal per day.
1850
50
In regards basal metabolic rate, the average 70kg man sitting in a chair all day without exercising uses ___ cal per day.
2000
51
Walking up stairs requires __x the energy as sleeping in bed all day
17
52
BMR normally averages __ to __ cal per hour
65;70
53
How is BMR measured?
oxygen and CO2 is measured after individual has fasted for 12 hrs and is fully rested
54
Does Thyroxine increase or decrease rate of chemical reactions and metabolic rate in cells?
increases
55
Maximal secretion of thyroxine may increase metabolic rate ___% to ___% above normal
50; 100
56
Loss of thyroid secretion decreases metabolic rate to ___% to ___% of normal
40; 60
57
What is testosterone's affect on metabolic rate?
increases metabolic rate up to 10 to 15 %
58
Testosterone is mainly related to ___ effect of increase in skeletal muscle mass
anabolic
59
How does malnutrition change metabolic rate?
decreases metabolic rate
60
``` Give the percentage of energy expenditure for each component: purposeful physical activity nonexercise acitivity thermic effect on food BMR ```
purposeful physical activity: 25% nonexercise acitivity: 7% thermic effect on food: 8% BMR: 60%
61
Because skeletal muscle accounts for 20 to 30 % of BMR even at rest, BMR is typically corrected for differences in what?
body size
62
Much of decline in BMR with increasing age is probably related to what?
loss of muscle mass and replacement with adipose tissue with a lower rate of metabolism
63
What is gluconeogenesis?
formation of glucose from smaller molecules
64
What is glyconeolysis?
breakdown of glycogen to form glucose

Physiology II (19 decks)

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