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Physiology II > Endocrine Principles (Lec 15) > Flashcards

Endocrine Principles (Lec 15) Flashcards

1
Q

_____ feedback prevents over-activity of hormone systems

A

negative

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2
Q

In regards to feedback loops, controlled variable is sometimes not the ___ rate of the hormone itself but the degree of ___ of the target tissue

A

secretory; activity

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3
Q

LH surge is an example of ___ feedback

A

positve

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4
Q

Describe the sequence of events during the LH surge

A

prior to ovulation, estrogen stimulates the surge of LH; LH acts on ovaries to secrete more estrogen; secreted estrogen stimulates the release of more LH; additional LH results in typical negative feedback

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5
Q

In regards to feedback loops, seasonal changes and various stages in development and aging are examples of what?

A

how periodic variations in hormone release are superimposed on the negative and positive feedback mechanisms

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6
Q

What are the locations of receptors?

A

in or on the surface of cell membrane; in the cell cytoplasm; in the cell nucleus

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7
Q

In regards to down regulation of receptors, the number of active receptors may decrease because of increased ___ concentration and increased ___ to receptors

A

hormone; binding

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8
Q

Down regulation of receptors may occur as a result of inactivation of what type of molecules?

A

intracellular protein signaling molecules; receptor molecules

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9
Q

Down regulation of receptors may occur as a result of temporary ______ of the receptor inside the cell

A

sequestration

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10
Q

Down regulation of receptors may occur as a result of destruction of the receptors by ____ after they are internalized

A

lysosomes

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11
Q

Down regulation of receptors may occur as a result of decreased production of ____

A

receptors

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12
Q

____ regulation decreases the target tissue’s responsiveness to the hormones

A

down

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13
Q

In regards to up regulation of receptors, the number of active receptors or intracellular signaling molecules may ____

A

increase

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14
Q

Up regulation of receptors may occur as a result of the ____ hormone may induce greater than normal

A

stimulating

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15
Q

Up regulation of receptors may occur as a result of the stimulating hormone may induce greater ___ of the receptor for interaction with the ____

A

availability; hormone

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16
Q

What type of receptors are used primarily by NTs?

A

Ion-channel-linked receptors

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17
Q

What do G protein-linked hormone receptors couple with?

A

groups of cell membrane proteins called heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins

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18
Q

How many transmembrane segments are in G-protein-linked hormone receptors?

A

7

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19
Q

True or false?

All G proteins are stimulatory

A

False; some are inhibitory, some are stimulatory

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20
Q

The following characteristics describe what type of receptor:
single-pass transmembrane receptors;
receptor part is extracellular;
intracellular enzyme may be part of the receptor or separate

A

enzyme-linked hormone receptor

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21
Q

The leptin receptor (JAK-STAT) is an example of what type of receptor?

A

enzyme-linked hormone receptor

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22
Q

Adrenal and steroidal hormones, thyroid hormone, retenoid hormones, and vitamin D are associated with what type of receptor?

A

intracellular receptor

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23
Q

Where does the activated hormone-receptor complex bind?

A

to promoter sequence of DNA

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24
Q

True or false?
polypeptide < 100 AA
protein > 100 AA

A

true

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25
Q

Where are polypeptide and protein hormones stored?

A

secretory vesicles until needed

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26
Q

Polypeptide and protein hormones are usually synthesized as what?

A

preprohormones

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27
Q

How are polypeptide and protein hormones released?

A

exocytosis mediated via calcium ions; release for some may involve cAMP

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28
Q

Steroids are usually synthesized from what?

A

cholesterol

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29
Q

Steroids are ___ soluble and diffuse readily across cell membranes

A

lipid

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30
Q

Steroids consist of ___ cyclohexyl ring(s) and ___ cyclopentyl ring(s)

A

3; 1

31
Q

Cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, and estradiol are all what type of hormone?

A

steroid

32
Q

What type of hormones are derived from tyrosine?

A

amine hormones

33
Q

Amine hormones include ___ and ___ ___ hormones

A

thyroid; adrenal medullary

34
Q

Amine hormones are formed by actions of enzymes in ___ compartments of ___ cells

A

cytoplasmic; glandular

35
Q

Thyroid hormones are incorporated into macromolecules of ___ and stored in thyroid gland ___

A

thyroglobulin; follicles

36
Q

Catecholamines are formed in ___ ___ and stored in vesicles until needed

A

adrenal medulla

37
Q

In regards to the adenyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger system, binding of hormones with a receptor allows coupling of the receptor to what?

A

a G protein

38
Q

cAMP activates what?

A

cAMP-dependent kinase

39
Q

Gi proteins ___ the formation of ATP

A

reduce

40
Q

In this system, hormones activate transmembrane receptors that activate enzyme PLP C

A

cell membrane phospholipid second messenger system

41
Q

PLP C catalyzes breakdown of what?

A

phospholipids in the cell membrane: PIP2 -> IP3 and DAG

42
Q

IP3 mobilizes ___ ions from mitochondria and ER

A

calcium

43
Q

DAG activates what?

A

protein kinase C

44
Q

In the calcium-calmodulin phospholipid second messenger system, how is calcium entry initiated?

A

by changes in membrane potential that open calcium channels; a hormone interacting with membrane receptors that open calcium channels

45
Q

What happens when 3-4 binding sites (for calcium) on calmodulin are filled?

A

activation of protein kinases; inhibition of protein kinases

46
Q

Which hormones act directly on DNA?

A

steroids, and thyroid hormones

47
Q

Once in the nucleus, what do thyroid hormones influence?

A

transcription of proteins that enhance metabolic activity

48
Q

True or false?

once bound to DNA, thyroid hormones remain bound for days to weeks and continue to function

A

true

49
Q

The following cell types are found where:

Samatotropes (HGF), Corticotropes (ACTH), Thyrotropes (TSH), Gonadotropes (LH and FSH), Lactotropes (Prolactin)

A

Anterior Pituitary (AP)

50
Q

In regards to the posterior pituitary, magnocellular neurons are located in the ___ and ___ nuclei

A

supraoptic; paraventricular

51
Q

__ is formed primarily in the supraoptic nuclei

A

ADH

52
Q

___ is formed primarily in the paraventricular nuclei

A

oxytocin

53
Q

The hypothalamus controls AP via hormones called what?

A

hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones

54
Q

How are hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones conducted to AP?

A

via hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

55
Q

Where are hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones secreted?

A

into median eminence

56
Q

Where do hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones diffuse?

A

into portal system

57
Q

The hypothalamus is a collecting center for information concerning what?

A

internal well-being of body

58
Q

Growth hormones increase deposition of protein by ___ and ___ cells

A

chondrocytic; osteogenic

59
Q

Growth hormone converts ____ into osteogenic cells

A

chondrocytes

60
Q

Growth hormone strongly ____ osteoblasts

A

stimulates

61
Q

In regards to protein synthesis, growth hormone directly enhances transport of ___ ___ through cell membranes into cytoplasm

A

amino acids

62
Q

In regards to protein synthesis, growth hormone increases RNA translation and transcription rate while decreasing protein ___

A

catabolism

63
Q

In regards to FA mobilization, growth hormone causes release of FAs from ___ tissue

A

adipose

64
Q

In regards to FA mobilization, growth hormone enhances conversion of FAs to what?

A

acetyl-CoA

65
Q

In regards to decreasing glucose utilization, growth hormone decreases ___ uptake in tissues such as ___ muscle and fat

A

glucose; skeletal

66
Q

In regards to decreasing glucose utilization, growth hormone increases ____ production by liver

A

glucose

67
Q

In regards to decreasing glucose utilization, growth hormone increases ___ secretion

A

insulin

68
Q

True or false?

Growth hormone’s effects are diabetogenic

A

true

69
Q

In regards to causing liver to form somatomedins (proteins), growth hormone has powerful effect on all aspecs of ____ growth

A

bone

70
Q

In regards to causing liver to form somatomedins (proteins), effects of growth hormone are similar to ___ on growth

A

insulin

71
Q

What is the most important growth factor?

A

somatomedin C (IGF-I)

72
Q

Injection into ___ ___ causes specific growth of these regions

A

epiphyseal plates

73
Q

Starvation, hypoglycemia, exercise, excitement, trauma, ghrelin, first two hours of deep sleep are all factors known to stimulate secretion of what?

A

growth hormone

74
Q

Metabolic clearance rate = ?

A

rate of disappearance of hormone from plasma/concentration of hormone

Physiology II (19 decks)

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