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Physiology II > Adrenal Hormones (Lec 17) > Flashcards

Adrenal Hormones (Lec 17) Flashcards

1
Q

Corticosteroids are synthesized form what?

A

cholesterol

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2
Q

Corticosteroids are provided mostly by ___ in the plasma

A

LDLs

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3
Q

ACTH increases the number of ____ receptors

A

LDL

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4
Q

Where is cholesterol converted to pregnenolone? What is the enzyme used?

A

mitochondria; cholesterol desmolase

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5
Q

Both ___ and ___ increase the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone

A

ACTH; angiotensin II

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6
Q

What is the major mineralocorticoid?

A

aldosterone

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7
Q

What is secretion of mineralocorticoids controlled by?

A

angiotensin II and K+

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8
Q

What are mineralocorticoids secreted by?

A

zona glomerulosa

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9
Q

What is the major glucocorticoid?

A

cortisol

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10
Q

Glucocorticoids affects increased blood ___ concentration

A

glucose

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11
Q

What are glucocorticoids secreted by?

A

zona fasciculata

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12
Q

DHEA and estrogen are examples of what hormone?

A

androgenic

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13
Q

What are androgenic hormones secreted by?

A

zona reticularis

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14
Q

Without mineralocorticoids, potassium levels in ECF ___ markedly and sodium and chloride are ___ rapidly from the urine

A

rise; lost

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15
Q

In regards to a lack of aldosterone, total ECF and blood volume become greatly ___

A

reduced

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16
Q

Due to a lack of aldosterone, a person will develop diminished ___ ___ and progress to a shock-like state

A

cardiac output

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17
Q

Hyperkalemia and serous cardiac toxicity are a result of what?

A

lack of aldosterone

18
Q

An increase in ECF and arterial pressure is a result of what?

A

excess of aldosterone

19
Q

An excess of aldosterone has a small effect on plasma ___ concentration because sodium reabsorption in renal tubules is accompanied by equivalent amount of water reabsorption

A

sodium

20
Q

Hypokalemia and muscle weakness are a result of what?

A

excess of aldosterone

21
Q

An excess of aldosterone stimulates transport of ___ from ECF into most cells of the body

A

potassium

22
Q

true or false?

Excess of aldosterone causes alkalosis

A

true

23
Q

Aldosterone ___ renal tubular reabsorption of sodium and ___ potassium in the urine

A

increases; increases

24
Q

Describe the cellular sequence of events leading to sodium reabsorption

A
  1. aldosterone diffuses readily into the interior of the tubular epithelial cells
  2. aldosterone combines with mineralocorticoid receptor proteins (renal tubules)
  3. aldosterone-receptor complex diffuses into nucleus
  4. RNA transcription is induced
  5. sodium-potassium ATPase pump proteins are among those formed as a result of this induction
  6. epithelial sodium channel is also formed
25
Q

What type of cells are associated with aldosterone?

A

principal cells

26
Q

What enzyme is used in angiotensin -> angiotensin II

A

ACE

27
Q

Is the relationship between aldosterone and angiotensin II direct or indirect?

A

direct

28
Q

Aldosterone secretion is almost entirely independent of the regulation of ___ secretion

A

cortisol

29
Q

Increased ___ ion concentration greatly increases aldosterone secretion

A

postassium

30
Q

Increased angiotensin II has what effect on aldosterone secretion?

A

increases it

31
Q

___ is necessary for aldosterone secretion but has little effect in controlling rate of secretion?

A

ACTH

32
Q

The following are functions of what?
stimulates gluconeogenesis, increases enzymes to convert AA to glucose, mobilizes amino acids from extra hepatic tissues, decreases glucose utilization by cells, may lead to adrenal diabetes, resists stress and inflammation, causes resolution to inflammation

A

glucocorticoids

ex: cortisol

33
Q

What disease is associated with hypoadrenalism?

A

Addison’s Disease

34
Q

Primary Addison’s disease is due to injury to what?

A

adrenal cortex

35
Q

Secondary Addison’s disease is due to impaired function of what?

A

pituitary gland

36
Q

Disturbances in Addison’s disease could be caused by deficiencies in what?

A

mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids

note: melanin pigmentation also involved

37
Q

The following symptoms in regards to Addison’s disease are due to a deficiency in what?
decreased ECF, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, mild acidosis, rise in RBCs, decrease in cardiac output and blood pressure, death from shock

A

mineracorticoids

38
Q

Name some of the symptoms of Addison’s disease associated with a deficiency in glucocorticoids

A

loss of ability to maintain normal blood glucose concentration, reduction in both proteins and fats, muscle weakness, stress

39
Q

In regards to Addison’s disease, what may cause a disturbance in melanin pigmentation?

A

loss of negative feedback to pituitary, allowing increased amounts of MSH

40
Q

What disease is associated with hyperadrenalism?

A

cushing’s disease

41
Q

What are the causes of cushion’s disease?

A

adenomas of AP, abnormal function of hypothalamus, ectopic secretion of ACTH by tumor, adenomas of adrenal cortex, excess ACTH secretion

42
Q

“Buffalo torso”, moon face, acne, hypertension, and increased blood glucose are all characteristics of what?

A

cushing’s disease

Physiology II (19 decks)

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