CNS Development and Brain Divisions (Lec 1A)

Question 1

What stage does the formation of the nervous system occur?

Answer 1

Embyronic stage (end of second week to end of eighth week)

Question 2

Which neuropore closes first, superior or inferior?

Answer 2

Superior neuropore (day 27). The inferior neuropore closes by day 30.

Question 3

What are the lumina, floor, roof of the Telencephalon Primordia?

Answer 3

lumina: lateral ventricles
floor: basal ganglia
roof: cerebral hemispheres

Question 4

What is the lumen, roof, walls, and floor of the Diencephalon Primordia?

Answer 4

lumen: third ventricle
roof: epithalamus
walls: thalamus
floor: hypothalamus and infundibulum

Question 5

What is the lumen, roof, and floor of the Mesencephalon Primordia?

Answer 5

lumen: cerebral aqueduct
roof: superior and inferior colliculi
floor: tegmentum

Question 6

What is the lumen, roof, and floor of the Metencephalon Primordia?

Answer 6

lumen: part of fourth ventricle
roof: cerebellum
floor: pons

Question 7

What is the lumen, main part, and roof of the Myencephalon Primordia?

Answer 7

lumen: rest of fourth ventricle
main part: medulla oblongata
roof: posterior choroid plexus

Question 8

What make up the nuclei of the Myencephalon Medulla?

Answer 8

vestibular nuclear complex, sensory nuclei, and portions of reticular formation

Question 9

What make up the pyramids of the Mylencephalon Medulla?

Answer 9

lateral corticospinal tracts

Question 10

What are the olives of the Myencephalon Medulla?

Answer 10

site of nuclei related to cerebellum

Question 11

What are the vital reflex centers of the Myencephalon Medulla?

Answer 11

cardiac center, vasomotor center, and centers related to respiration

Question 12

What are the two types of nuclei located in the Pons?

Answer 12

cranial nerve nuclei V-VIII and Pontine nuclei

Question 13

What are the two centers located in the Pons?

Answer 13

sleep center, and respiratory center

Question 14

What type of nuclei are located in the cerebellum?

Answer 14

cranial nerve nuclei III-IV

Question 15

What is the tectum (roof) of cerebellum?

Answer 15

superior colliculi (visual reflexes), and inferior colliculi (auditory and olfactory reflexes)

Question 16

What is the tegmentum of the cerebellum?

Answer 16

red nucleus, substantia nigra, and various tracts

Question 17

True or false?

The cerebellum has a cortex

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What are peduncles in the cerebellum?

Answer 18

large pairs of fibers tracts that connect to other parts of the brain

Question 19

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 19

coordinate skeletal muscle movements, maintain equilibrium and posture, and synergic control of muscle activity

Question 20

What is the function of the Thalamus?

Answer 20

major relay center for afferent and efferent information to and from cerebrum and other areas of the brain

Question 21

What is the function of the epithalamus?

Answer 21

habenular nuclei involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors, pineal body

Question 22

What are the functions of the Hypothalamus?

Answer 22

controls and integrates ANS, associated with many kinds of visceral activity, intermediary between nervous and endocrine systems, controls normal body temperature, maintains extracellular fluid volume, biorhythm oscillator

Question 23

What are basal nuclei in the telencephalon responsible for?

Answer 23

subconcious motor control and muscle tone

Question 24

What is Anencephaly?

Answer 24

failure of cranial end of neural tube to close

Question 25

What is the Arnold-Chiari Deformity?

Answer 25

inferior cerebellum and medulla are elongated and protrude into vertebral canal, medulla and pons are small and deformed, hydrocephalus, malformation of lower crania nerves leading to deafness and tongue, facial muscle, lateral eye movement weakness

Question 26

What is Spina Bifida Occulta?

Answer 26

results from a failure of the inferior neuropore to close, vertebral arches fail to develop in caudal area, however, spinal cord function is usually normal

Question 27

What is Spina Bifida Cystica?

Answer 27

characterized by a sac-like cyst at the caudal end of spine, spinal cord and meninges may be found in the cyst, spinal cord function may be impaired, may be lower extremity dysfunction, bladder and bowel function may be impaired

Question 28

What is Meningocele?

Answer 28

form of spin bifida cystica, only meninges found in sac, spinal cord function may be impaired, signs and symptoms vary depending on location and severity of malformation

Question 29

What is Meningomyelocele?

Answer 29

form of spin bifid a cystic, both meninges and spinal cord are found in sac, always results in abnormal growth of spinal cord, lower extremity paralysis, bowel and bladder dysfunction, loss of sensation to lower limbs

Question 30

What is Myeloschis?

Answer 30

Failure of caudal neural folds to close, most severe defects

Question 31

What is Holoprosencephaly?

Answer 31

failure of prosencephalon to divide into two cerebral hemispheres, often associated with facial deformities