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9. extra endo > Thyroid Gland > Flashcards

Thyroid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What is severe hypothyroidism called?

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2
Q

How is hyperthyroidism treated?

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3
Q

What is myxoedema coma?

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4
Q

Can myxoedema coma be fatal?

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5
Q

Where is the thyroid gland?

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6
Q

How many lobes make up the thyroid gland?

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7
Q

What is the isthmus?

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8
Q

What are the structures in thyroid tissue?

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9
Q

What is the thyroid pyramid?

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10
Q

What are the parathyroid glands?

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11
Q

Which important nerve runs close to the thyroid?

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12
Q

Which 2 structures must surgeons be cautious of when performing surgery on the thyroid?

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13
Q

Which endocrine gland develops first in a foetus?

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13
Q

When does the thyroid gland begin to form?

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14
Q

What are the stages of thyroid formation?

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15
Q

Where does the thyroid gland grow from?

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16
Q

When does the thyroid gland finish forming?

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17
Q

How is the foramen caecum important to thyroid gland formation?

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18
Q

How is the thyroglossal duct important to thyroid gland formation?

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19
Q

How is the thyrohyoid membrane important to thyroid gland formation?

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20
Q

How is the hyoid bone important to thyroid gland formation?

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21
Q

How is the thyroid cartilage important to thyroid gland formation?

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22
Q

How is the cricoid cartilage important to thyroid gland formation?

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23
Q

What and where is the foramen caecum?

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24
Q

What are the 5 congenital thyroid abnormalities?

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25
Q

What is thyroid agenesis?

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26
Q

What is lingular thyroid?

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27
Q

What is a thyroglossal cyst?

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28
Q

What is a retrosternal goitre?

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29
Q

What is colloid?

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29
Q

Where are thyroid hormones made?

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29
Q

What is a thyroglossal fistula?

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30
Q

Where does TSH bind to in the thyroid gland?

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31
Q

What is activated by TSH binding to TSH-R? (3)

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32
Q

What is iodination?

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33
Q

What is TG?

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33
Q

How is TG activated?

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34
Q

How do iodide ions reach the colloid from the blood?

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35
Q

What is the function of TPO?

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36
Q

What is TPO?

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37
Q

What are the 2 products of iodination reactions in the colloid?

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38
Q

How do T3 and T4 reach the blood from the colloid?

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39
Q

What are the … steps of T3 and T4 release?

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40
Q

What is MIT?

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41
Q

What is DIT?

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42
Q

What is the structure of DIT?

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43
Q

What is the structure of MIT?

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44
Q

What are iodothyronines?

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45
Q

What is T3 made up of?

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46
Q

What is T4 made up of?

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47
Q

What is thyroxine the same as?

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48
Q

What is the main hormone made by the thyroid gland?

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49
Q

How can T4 be turned into T3?

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50
Q

Which enzyme converts T4 to T3?

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51
Q

Why does T4 deiodination not always produce active T3?

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52
Q

What is the half life of T4?

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53
Q

What is the half like of T3?

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54
Q

What proportion of T3 comes from T4 iodination?

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55
Q

Is T4 a hormone or prohormone?

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56
Q

How are thyroid hormones usually found in the blood?

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57
Q

Which 3 plasma proteins do thyroid hormones bind to?

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58
Q

What proportion of T3 and T4 is found unbound in the blood?

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59
Q

How do thyroid hormones act on a cell?

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60
Q

How do thyroid hormones change cell gene expression?

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61
Q

What is the main function of thyroid hormones for foetuses?

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62
Q

How do growing foetuses obtain thyroid hormones?

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63
Q

Which system relies on thyroid hormones for development in a foetus?

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64
Q

What does untreated congenital hypothyroidism lead to?

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65
Q

What is cretinism?

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66
Q

How is cretinism treated?

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67
Q

When is TSH measured in babies?

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68
Q

Which 4 systems do thyroid hormones act on?

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69
Q

What are the 2 growth functions of thyroid hormones?

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70
Q

What is the CNS function of thyroid hormones?

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71
Q

What are the 4 thermogenesis functions of thyroid hormones?

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72
Q

What are the 5 metabolic functions of thyroid hormones?

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73
Q

What are the 3 cardiovascular functions of thyroid hormones?

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74
Q

What are catecholamines and their relation to thyroid hormones?

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75
Q

How are T3 and T4 levels regulated?

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76
Q

Are T3 and T4 regulated by negative feedback?

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77
Q

What is the Wolff-Chaikoff effect?

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78
Q

Why are thyroid disorders more common in women?

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79
Q

Is hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism more common?

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80
Q

What is primary hypothyroidism?

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81
Q

What are the 8 symptoms of hypothyroidism?

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82
Q

What happens to T4 and TSH levels in hypothyroidism?

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83
Q

What are the 2 most common autoimmune thyroid diseases?

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84
Q

What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

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85
Q

What are the 7 symptoms of primary hypothyroidism?

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86
Q

What is levothyroxine?

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87
Q

Which drug is used to treat hypothyroidism?

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88
Q

How does levothyroxine treat hypothyroidism?

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89
Q

Why is levothyroxine sometimes prescribed for someone with hyperthyroidism?

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90
Q

What is the common dose of levothyroxine?

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91
Q

What are the 4 side effects of levothyroxine?

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92
Q

What is liothyronine?

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93
Q

What is the issue with liothyronine prescribing?

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94
Q

Why do T3 drugs need to be taken regularly?

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94
Q

What is combined thyroid hormone replacement?

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95
Q

Why may there be higher compliance to combined thyroid hormone replacement vs just T3?

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96
Q

What are the 3 indicators of combination thyroid hormone replacement toxicity?

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97
Q

How can combined thyroid hormone replacement affect TSH levels?

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98
Q

What happens to T4 and TSH levels in hyperthyroidism?

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99
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

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99
Q

What are the 3 causes of hyperthyroidism?

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100
Q

How does hyperthyroidism occur in Grave’s disease?

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101
Q

What are the 3 symptoms of Grave’s disease?

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102
Q

What is exophthalmos?

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103
Q

Why does exophthalmos occur in Grave’s disease?

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104
Q

What is pretibial myxoedema?

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105
Q

Why does pretibial myxoedema occur in Grave’s disease?

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106
Q

What are the 8 symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

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9. extra endo (12 decks)

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