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9. extra endo > Diabetes I > Flashcards

Diabetes I Flashcards

1
Q

How does insulin act to regulate glucose in the body? (2)

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2
Q

How does insulin act to regulate protein in the body?

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3
Q

How does insulin act to regulate fat in the body? (2)

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4
Q

Which 4 conditions can issues in insulin release lead to?

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5
Q

When does insulin act?

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6
Q

What are GLUT proteins?

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7
Q

Where are GLUT-4 proteins mainly found?

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8
Q

How does insulin act on GLUT-4 proteins? (2)

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9
Q

What is important about the structure of GLUT-4 proteins?

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10
Q

How much to GLUT-4 proteins increase glucose intake?

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11
Q

Which transporter proteins are used in glucose uptake?

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12
Q

How does insulin act on myocytes when blood glucose is high? (3)

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13
Q

Which 3 hormones stimulate protein production in mycocytes when blood glucose is high?

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14
Q

Which hormone stimulates protein hydrolysis in myocytes when blood glucose is low?

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15
Q

What happens in myocytes when blood glucose is low?

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16
Q

What happens to amino acids in the liver when blood glucose is high?

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17
Q

How does insulin act on hepatocytes when blood glucose is high?

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18
Q

Which 3 hormones regulate HGO and how?

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19
Q

What is HGO?

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20
Q

How long does it take for carbohydrate stores to deplete during fasting?

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21
Q

How long does it take for protein stores to deplete during fasting?

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22
Q

How long does it take for fat stores to deplete during fasting?

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23
Q

What are LPLs?

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24
Q

Why is insulin essential for adipocyte uptake of fats?

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25
Q

What do LPLs break triglycerides in the blood down to? (2)

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26
Q

How are high blood triglyceride levels treated clinically?

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27
Q

What are NEFAs?

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28
Q

How does insulin act on adipocytes? (3)

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29
Q

Which 3 hormones regulate adipocyte triglyceride levels?

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30
Q

What happens in adipocytes when blood glucose is low?

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31
Q

What is the hepatic portal circulation?

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32
Q

Why is the hepatic portal circulation important?

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33
Q

What is the action time of insulin in a non-diabetic?

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34
Q

What is the action time of exogenous insulin uptake in a Type 1 diabetic?

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35
Q

What is the difference in insulin action time for a non-diabetic vs type 1 diabetic and why?

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36
Q

What happens to glycerol in hepatocytes when energy is not required immediately? (2)

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37
Q

What happens in hepatocytes when energy is required immediately? (2)

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38
Q

What is the HGO after a 10 hour fast?

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39
Q

Which fuel sources do the brain use?

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40
Q

Why are cerebral energy requirements different to other tissues?

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41
Q

What happens to NEFAs in hepatocytes when energy is not required immediately? (3)

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42
Q

What happens to NEFAs in hepatocytes when energy is required immediately? (4)

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43
Q

How do ketone levels correlate to insulin release in a non-diabetic?

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44
Q

When do high ketone levels indicate diabetes and why?

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45
Q

What happens in hepatocytes when blood glucose is high?

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46
Q

What happens in hepatocytes when blood glucose is low?

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47
Q

What is hepatic glycogenolysis?

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48
Q

What happens in myocytes when blood glucose is high?

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49
Q

What happens in myocytes when blood glucose is low?

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50
Q

What happens in myocytes when energy is required?

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51
Q

What happens in myocytes when energy is not required?

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52
Q

What happens to the insulin:glucagon in the fasted state?

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52
Q

What happens to blood glucose levels in the fasted state?

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53
Q

What happens to NEFA levels in the fasted state?

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54
Q

What happens to amino acid levels in the fasted state?

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55
Q

Which 4 processes speed up in the fasted state?

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55
Q

What is the fuel source of muscle in the fasted state?

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55
Q

What are the 4 effects of fasting on blood?

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56
Q

What is the fuel source of the brain in the fasted state?

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57
Q

How does insulin act in the fasted state? (3)

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58
Q

What happens to the insulin:glucagon in the fed state?

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59
Q

Which 4 processes are affected in the fed state?

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60
Q

What is the 1st and 2nd phase of insulin release?

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61
Q

How does insulin act in the fed state? (3)

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62
Q

What are the 4 tests for diabetes mellitus?

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63
Q

What is the oral glucose tolerance test?

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64
Q

How is diabetes diagnosed?

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65
Q

What is important to consider when using HbA1c levels to diagnose diabetes?

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66
Q

What is diabetic ketoacidosis?

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66
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

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67
Q

What is osmotic diuresis?

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68
Q

Why does osmotic diuresis occur in type 1 diabetes?

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69
Q

What are the 4 effects of diabetic ketoacidosis?

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70
Q

What happens if type 1 diabetes is left untreated?

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71
Q

What are the 4 symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

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72
Q

What is T1DM?

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73
Q

What is glycosuria?

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74
Q

What is polyuria?

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75
Q

What is noturia?

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76
Q

What are 3 diagnostic tests to distinguish T1DM from T2DM?

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76
Q

What is polydipsia?

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77
Q

What is insulin induced hypoglycaemia?

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78
Q

What are the 2 effects of insulin induced hypoglycaemia?

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79
Q

How is insulin induced hypoglycaemia prevented in type 1 diabetics?

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80
Q

What are the 4 couterregulatory responses to hypoglycaemia and why?

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81
Q

Which 4 hormones make up the counterregulatory system?

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82
Q

What does recurrent hypoglycaemia lead to and why is this dangerous?

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83
Q

What is impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia?

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84
Q

What are the 4 autonomic symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

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84
Q

What are the 5 neuroglycopenic symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

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85
Q

What is severe hypoglycaemia?

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86
Q

Why does alcohol effect T1DM glucose levels?

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86
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

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87
Q

Which 2 types of metabolism are affected by T2DM?

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88
Q

Why are the presentations of T2DM not as extreme as T1DM?

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89
Q

Which 2 pathways are stimulated when insulin binds to insulin receptors?

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90
Q

Issues in which pathway leads to insulin resistance in T2DM?

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91
Q

What happens in early stages of T2DM?

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92
Q

What is the function of the PI3K-Akt pathway?

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93
Q

What is the function of the MAPK pathway?

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94
Q

Why can T2DM lead to hypertension?

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94
Q

Why can T2DM lead to increased proliferation of tissues?

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95
Q

What are the 8 effects of T2DM?

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96
Q

What is hypertension?

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97
Q

What is the fasting glucose of a type 2 diabetic?

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98
Q

What are the 7 differences between the symptoms of T1DM and T2DM?

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99
Q

What are the 6 risk factors of T2DM?

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100
Q

What are the 7 main complications of T2DM?

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101
Q

What may happen in late stage T2DM?

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102
Q

What is the biggest cause of renal dialysis?

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103
Q

What are the 3 eye complications of T2DM?

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104
Q

What is diabetic retinopathy?

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105
Q

What is diabetic nephropathy?

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106
Q

How is T2DM managed? (4)

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107
Q

What are the 6 dietary recommendations of T2DM?

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108
Q

How is T1DM managed? (4)

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109
Q

What is the basal-bolus regime?

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110
Q

How can insulin be administered exogenously? (2)

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111
Q

What are the 4 long-term diabetes-related complications that are monitored for?

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9. extra endo (12 decks)

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