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9. extra endo > Adrenal Gland > Flashcards

Adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

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2
Q

How many adrenal glands are there?

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3
Q

Which main artery and vein is closest to the adrenal glands?

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4
Q

Which arteries supply the adrenal glands?

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5
Q

How many right adrenal arteries are there?

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6
Q

Which vein leaves the adrenal glands?

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7
Q

How many renal veins are there?

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8
Q

What is the path of blood flow through the adrenal glands?

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8
Q

Which arteries supply the bottom of the adrenal glands?

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9
Q

What does the left adrenal vein drain into?

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10
Q

What does the right adrenal vein drain into?

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11
Q

Draw a diagram of adrenal gland blood flow

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12
Q

What is the function of the adrenal cortex?

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12
Q

What are the 2 main sections of the adrenal glands?

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13
Q

What is the function of the adrenal medulla?

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14
Q

What are the 3 sections of the adrenal cortex?

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15
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland secretes corticosteroids?

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16
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland secretes catecholamines?

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17
Q

Which hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

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18
Q

Which hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

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19
Q

What are the 4 layers of the adrenal gland?

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20
Q

Which cells secrete catecholamines in the adrenal medulla?

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21
Q

What are the 2 catecholamines?

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of corticosteroids?

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23
Q

What is the average ratio of adrenaline vs noradrenaline secreted by the adrenal medulla?

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24
Q

What is the main mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex?

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24
Q

What is the main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex?

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25
Q

What are the sex steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex?

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26
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone?

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27
Q

Which parts of the adrenal gland secrete cortisol?

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28
Q

What is the function of the zona glomerulosa?

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29
Q

What is the function of the zona fasciculata?

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30
Q

What is the function of the zona reticularis?

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31
Q

What are the 5 cellular layers of the adrenal glands?

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32
Q

What type of cells make up the capsule?

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33
Q

What type of cells make up the zona glomerulosa?

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34
Q

What type of cells make up the zona fasciculata?

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35
Q

What type of cells make up the zona reticularis?

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35
Q

What type of cells make up the medulla?

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36
Q

What is the path of blood reaching medulla muscle fibres?

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37
Q

Draw a diagram of the adrenal gland layers

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38
Q

What is the precursor of adrenal gland hormones?

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39
Q

What is a steroid?

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40
Q

How many carbons does cholesterol contain?

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41
Q

How many carbon rings does cholesterol contain?

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42
Q

What do the adrenal gland contain to synthesis steroid hormones from cholesterol?

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43
Q

What must cholesterol be converted to synthesis corticosteroids?

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44
Q

What are the 2 steps of converting cholesterol to progesterone?

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45
Q

How is cholesterol converted to pregnenolone?

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46
Q

How is pregnenolone converted to progesterone?

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47
Q

What are the 3 steps of converting progesterone to aldosterone?

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48
Q

How is progesterone converted to 11 deoxy-corticosterone?

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49
Q

How is 11 deoxy-corticosterone converted to corticosterone?

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50
Q

How is corticosterone converted to aldosterone?

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51
Q

Which 3 enzymes are used to convert progesterone to aldosterone?

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52
Q

How is aldosterone synthesised from cholesterol?

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53
Q

What are the 3 steps of converting progesterone to cortisol?

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54
Q

How is progesterone converted to 17 hydroxyprogesterone?

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55
Q

How is 17-hydroxyprogesterone converted to 11 deoxy-cortisol?

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56
Q

How is 11 deoxy-cortisol converted to cortisol?

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57
Q

Which 3 enzymes are used to convert progesterone to cortisol?

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58
Q

How is cortisol synthesised from cholesterol?

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59
Q

What are the 5 stages of aldosterone synthesis?

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60
Q

What are the 5 stages of cortisol synthesis?

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61
Q

What are the 5 stages of androgens synthesis?

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62
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

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62
Q

What are the 6 stages of oestrogen synthesis?

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63
Q

How does aldosterone regulate blood volume?

A
64
Q

Where does aldosterone act in the kidney? (2)

A
65
Q

Where does aldosterone act in the body? (3)

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66
Q

Which 3 ion processes does aldosterone stimulate in the kidney?

A
67
Q

What are the 6 steps of aldosterone action?

A
68
Q

Which enzyme regulates aldosterone levels?

A
68
Q

Which hormone regulates sodium levels and how?

A
69
Q

What is the function of renin?

A
70
Q

What are the 3 stimulants for renin secretion?

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71
Q

When is renin secreted?

A
72
Q

What are JGA cells?

A
73
Q

What is the macula densa?

A
74
Q

Where is renin secreted from?

A
75
Q

What does renin stimulate the synthesis of?

A
76
Q

Where is angiotensin II synthesised?

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77
Q

What are the 3 steps of angiotensin II synthesis?

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78
Q

What is the function of angiotensin II?

A
79
Q

Which 5 enzymes are activated by angiotensin II?

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80
Q

How are aldosterone levels regulated? (4)

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81
Q

What are the 4 categories of cortisol functions?

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81
Q

What are the 3 functions of aldosterone?

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82
Q

What are the 5 metabolic effects of cortisol?

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83
Q

What are the 2 renal/cardiovascular effects of cortisol?

A
84
Q

Which hormone regulates cortisol levels?

A
85
Q

What are the 4 steps in the pathway of cortisol secretion?

A
86
Q

Which process is utilised for cortisol regulation?

A
87
Q

What is MSH?

A
88
Q

What is HPA?

A
89
Q

How does ACTH effect the adrenal glands?

A
90
Q

Draw the HPA axis

A
91
Q

Which 5 enzymes are activated by ACTH?

A
92
Q

What is the diurnal rhythm?

A
93
Q

When are the 4 general parts of the diurnal rhythm?

A
94
Q

When are cortisol levels lowest?

A
95
Q

When do cortisol levels peak?

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95
Q

What is generally the lowest level of cortisol?

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96
Q

What is generally the highest level of cortisol?

A
97
Q

When do cortisol levels start to increase?

A
98
Q

When are ACTH levels lower?

A
99
Q

When are ACTH levels higher?

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100
Q

When are cortisol levels lower?

A
101
Q

When are cortisol levels higher?

A
102
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

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103
Q

What does autoimmune damage to the adrenal cortex cause?

A
104
Q

What is the main physiological complication of Addison’s disease?

A
104
Q

What is the most common cause of Addison’s disease?

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105
Q

Which hormone level is most affected by Addison’s disease?

A
106
Q

Which 4 organs are affected by Addison’s disease?

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107
Q

What are the 2 skin symptoms of Addison’s disease?

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108
Q

What are the 5 GI symptoms of Addison’s disease?

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109
Q

What are the 3 general symptoms of Addison’s disease?

A
110
Q

What are the 7 symptoms of an adrenal crisis?

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110
Q

Why does Addison’s disease lower blood pressure?

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111
Q

How does Addison’s disease affect the pituitary gland?

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112
Q

Why does Addison’s disease give patients a tan?

A
112
Q

What is POMC?

A
113
Q

What are 3 examples of products of POMC?

A
114
Q

How is POMC involved in tan development?

A
115
Q

What are the 5 overall main symptoms of Addison’s disease?

A
116
Q

How is an Addisonian crisis treated? (3)

A
117
Q

Why is dextrose given to treat an Addisonian crisis?

A
117
Q

Why is saline given to treat an Addisonian crisis?

A
118
Q

Why is hydrocortisone given to treat an Addisonian crisis?

A
119
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A
120
Q

Why can an adrenal tumour lead to Cushing’s syndrome?

A
121
Q

Why can a pituitary tumour lead to Cushing’s syndrome?

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122
Q

What is the main visible symptom of Cushing’s syndrome?

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123
Q

Why does blood pressure increase in Cushing’s syndrome?

A
123
Q

What are the 11 symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A
124
Q

What are the 4 causes of Cushing’s syndrome?

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125
Q

What is the appearance of those with Cushing’s syndrome described as?

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126
Q

Which 4 tumours can lead to Cushing’s syndrome?

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127
Q

What are the 7 main symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A
128
Q

Which hormones are secreted from the adrenal medulla?

A
129
Q

What is tyrosine a precursor for? (2)

A
130
Q

Where does the adrenal medulla develop from in the fetus?

A
131
Q

How are catecholamines stored?

A
131
Q

Which neurones stimulate the adrenal glands to secrete catecholamines?

A
132
Q

What are the 4 steps of tyrosine conversion to adrenaline?

A
133
Q

How is tyrosine converted to dopa?

A
134
Q

How is dopa converted to dopamine?

A
135
Q

How is dopamine converted to noradrenaline?

A
136
Q

How is noradrenaline converted to adrenaline?

A
137
Q

What is the response triggered by catecholamines?

A
138
Q

What are 5 examples of effects of catecholamines?

A
138
Q

How do noradrenaline and adrenaline circulate in the blood?

A
139
Q

Where are catecholamines degraded?

A
139
Q

Which 2 hepatic enzymes degrade catecholamines?

A
140
Q

What does adrenal failure lead to?

A
141
Q

What does excess cortisol lead to?

A
142
Q

Which 2 hormones regulate cortisol levels?

A
143
Q

Which axis controls aldosterone secretion?

A
143
Q

What type of feedback controls cortisol and aldosterone levels?

A
144
Q

What is the main difference between hormone secretion from the adrenal medulla vs cortex?

A

9. extra endo (12 decks)

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