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9. extra endo > Pituitary Gland I > Flashcards

Pituitary Gland I Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Molecule that travels in the blood and stimulates an affect in a target organ

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2
Q

How are hormones transported round the body?

A

Blood stream

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3
Q

What are the 3 differences between peptide and steroid hormones?

A
  1. Synthesis —> prohormones vs cholesterol
  2. Storage —> vesicles vs not stored
  3. Receptors —> cell membrane vs intracellular
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4
Q

How are peptide hormones synthesised?

A

Prohormones cleaved —> activated hormone

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5
Q

Where are peptide hormones stored?

A

Vesicles

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6
Q

What type of secretion occurs for peptide hormones?

A

Regulatory secretion

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7
Q

What type of secretion occurs for steroid hormones?

A

Constitutive secretion (immediate —> no storage)

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8
Q

Where are peptide hormone receptors found?

A

On cell membrane

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9
Q

How do peptide hormones act on target organs?

A

Transduce signals via 2nd messenger model

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10
Q

How do steroid hormones act on target organs?

A

Directly change gene expression

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11
Q

How are steroid hormones synthesised?

A

Derived from cholesterol

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12
Q

Where are steroid hormones stored?

A

Not stored

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13
Q

Where are steroid hormone receptors found?

A

Intracellular

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14
Q

What are the 2 main sections of the pituitary gland?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Posterior
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15
Q

What are the 5 parts of the pituitary gland?

A
  1. Pars tuberalis —> stalk
  2. Pars intermedia —> between a + p
  3. Pars distalis —> bulk
  4. Pars nervosa
  5. Infundibulum —> connects to hypothalamus
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16
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland also called?

A

Adenohypophysis

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17
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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18
Q

What is the Rathke’s pouch?

A

What the anterior pituitary gland is derived from

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19
Q

Where is the anterior pituitary derived from during embryogenesis?

A
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20
Q

What is the origin of the anterior pituitary?

A
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21
Q

What is the posterior pituitary gland also called?

A
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22
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A
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23
Q

What is the Rathke’s pouch?

A
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24
Q

Where is the posterior pituitary derived from during embryogenesis?

A
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25
Q

What is the origin of the posterior pituitary?

A
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26
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A
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27
Q

What are the 4 parts of the hypothalamus?

A
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28
Q

What is the function of hypothalamic parvocellular neurones?

A
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29
Q

Which neurones control the anterior pituitary gland

A
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30
Q

How do hypothalamic parvocellular neurones regulate the anterior pituitary?

A
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31
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland requires external stimulation?

A
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32
Q

Where do hypothalamic parvocellular neurones terminate?

A
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33
Q

How do signals from the hypothalamic parvocellular neurones reach the anterior pituitary?

A
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34
Q

What is the hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation?

A
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35
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland is distinct from the hypothalamus?

A
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36
Q

What are the 5 types of endocrine cells making up the anterior pituitary?

A
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37
Q

What is the function of somatotrophs?

A
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38
Q

What is the function of lactotrophs?

A
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39
Q

What is the function of corticotrophs?

A
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40
Q

What is the function of thyrotrophs?

A
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41
Q

What is the function of gonadotrophs?

A
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42
Q

What are the 5 steps of the hypothalamo-pituitary portal system?

A
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43
Q

Which 2 hormones are secreted by hypothalamic neurosecretory cells?

A
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44
Q

What are the 4 steps of the hypothalamus stimulating TSH release?

A
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45
Q

What is TRH?

A
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46
Q

What is TSH?

A
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47
Q

Which cell type makes growth hormone?

A
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48
Q

Which cell type makes prolactin?

A
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49
Q

Which cell type makes TSH?

A
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50
Q

Which cell type makes LH?

A
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51
Q

Which cell type makes FSH?

A
52
Q

Which cell type makes ACTH?

A
53
Q

What is TSH?

A
54
Q

What is LH?

A
55
Q

What is FSH?

A
56
Q

What is ACTH?

A
57
Q

Which hormone can be both?

A
58
Q

Which chemicals stimulate somatotrophs to release growth hormone?

A
59
Q

Which chemicals inhibit somatotrophs to release growth hormone?

A
60
Q

Which chemicals inhibit lactotrophs to release prolactin?

A
61
Q

Which chemicals stimulate thyrotrophs to release TSH?

A
62
Q

Which chemicals stimulate gonadotrophs to release LH?

A
63
Q

Which chemicals stimulate gonadotrophs to release FSH?

A
64
Q

Which chemicals stimulate corticotrophs to release ACTH?

A
65
Q

What is GHRH?

A
66
Q

What is somatostatin?

A
67
Q

What is dopamine’s pituitary function?

A
68
Q

What is GRH?

A
69
Q

What is CRH?

A
70
Q

What is the target of growth hormone?

A
71
Q

What is the target organ of prolactin?

A
72
Q

What is the target of TSH?

A
73
Q

What is the target of LH?

A
74
Q

What is the target of FSH?

A
75
Q

What is the target of ACTH?

A
76
Q

Which scan can identify a pituitary tumour?

A
77
Q

Which part of the brain is compressed by a pituitary tumour?

A
78
Q

How might a pituitary tumour affect vision and why?

A
79
Q

What is bitemporal hemianopia?

A
80
Q

What is bitemporal hemianopia indicative of?

A
81
Q

How can bitemporal hemianopia be assessed?

A
82
Q

What happens at the optic chiasm?

A
83
Q

Which bony dish does the pituitary gland lie in?

A
84
Q

What does growth hormone stimulate in the liver?

A
85
Q

What is IGF?

A
86
Q

What is acromegaly?

A
87
Q

What are the 5 symptoms of acromegaly?

A
88
Q

What is macroglossia?

A
89
Q

What is prognathism?

A
90
Q

Which 2 hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary gland?

A
91
Q

Where is AVP made?

A
92
Q

Where is oxytocin made?

A
93
Q

Which 8 hormones are released by the pituitary gland?

A
94
Q

What are hypothalamic magnocellular neurones?

A
95
Q

Where do the hypothalamic magnocellular neurones for ADH secretion originate?

A
96
Q

Where do the hypothalamic magnocellular neurones for oxytocin secretion originate?

A
97
Q

Which 2 parts of the hypothalamus that store hormones?

A
98
Q

What are the 3 steps of hormones moving from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland?

A
99
Q

Where is oxytocin produced?

A
100
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A
101
Q

Where is oxytocin stored?

A
102
Q

Where is ADH stored?

A
103
Q

How are hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland? (3)

A
104
Q

What is arginine vasopressin?

A
105
Q

What is diuresis?

A
106
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A
107
Q

Which receptors does ADH binds to?

A
108
Q

Which organ does ADH target?

A
109
Q

How does ADH affect the anterior pituitary?

A
110
Q

What are the … steps of ADH action?

A
111
Q

Which membrane proteins are utilised by ADH for water reabsorption?

A
112
Q

What are the 2 functions of oxytocin?

A
113
Q

How does oxytocin stimulate breast milk ejection?

A
114
Q

How does oxytocin stimulate baby delivery?

A
115
Q

Which cell type contracts for milk ejection?

A
116
Q

Which cell type contracts for baby delivery?

A
117
Q

What are the 4 steps of breast milk production?

A
118
Q

What are dopaminergic neurones?

A
119
Q

What are the 4 steps of breast milk ejection?

A
120
Q

What are the 8 steps of lactation?

A
121
Q

What are the 3 differences between the anterior and posterior pituitary?

A
122
Q

What is the difference between the origin of the anterior and posterior pituitary?

A
123
Q

What is the difference between the regulation of the anterior and posterior pituitary?

A
124
Q

What is the difference between the hormones released by the anterior and posterior pituitary?

A
125
Q

What are the 8 hormones secreted by the pituitary gland and what do they do?

A

Anterior:
1. GH (growth)

  1. Prolactin —> milk production
  2. LH (leuteinising) —> oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone
  3. FSH (follicle stimulating) —> oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone
  4. TSH (thyroid stimulating) —> T3, T4
  5. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic)
    —> cortisol

Posterior:
7. AVP/ADH —> cortisol, water reabsorption

  1. Oxytocin —> milk ejection, uterine contraction

9. extra endo (12 decks)

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