Calcium and Phosphate Regulation Flashcards
What is the most abundant metal in the body?
How is calcium obtained in the body?
What form of calcium is found in skeleton and teeth?
What are calcium hydroxyapatite crystals?
Where is calcium found in the body? (3)
What proportion of the body’s calcium is found in the skeleton and teeth?
What proportion of the body’s calcium is found intracellularly?
What proportion of the body’s calcium is found extracellularly?
How are calcium and phosphate levels increased? (2)
How are calcium levels decreased?
How is vitamin D obtained in the body? (2)
Which 3 organs mainly regulate calcium and phosphate levels?
Where is calcitonin secreted from?
What happens to calcium and phosphate regulation when thyroid parafollicular cells?
What are the 2 sources of vitamin D?
Where is ergocalciferol derived from?
Where is cholecalciferol derived from? (2)
What is the structural difference between ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol?
What are the 2 types of vitamin D in the body?
What is measured to indicate vitamin D levels?
Is 25-OH cholecalciferol active?
What is the inactive form of vitamin D?
How is calcitriol synthesis regulated?
What is the active form of vitamin D?
Which rays are absorbed for cholecalciferol synthesis?
What are the 9 steps of cholecalciferol synthesis via vitamin D3?
What are the 5 steps of cholecalciferol synthesis via vitamin D2?
What is calcitriol?
Which 2 hormones regulate vitamin D?
Which 3 places can calcitriol work in?
What is the major function of calcitriol?
Which ion does bone reabsorb?
Which ions do kidneys reabsorb?
Which ions does the gut reabsorb?
What is the active form of vitamin D?
What is the inactive form of vitamin D?
What is PTH?
Where are the parathyroid glands?
How is PTH secreted into circulation? (2)
What is the inactive precursor of PTH?
Which cells in the parathyroid gland make PTH?
When is PTH secreted?
How does pre-pro-PTH turn into PTH?
What type of receptors detect calcium levels on chief cells?
What is the relationship between PTH secretion and serum calcium?
What is the role of PTH?
What happens when chief cells sense high serum calcium?
What happens when chief cells sense low serum calcium?
What is ECF?
What are the 3 effects of PTH on the kidneys?
What is the effects of PTH on bone?
What are the 2 effects of PTH on the gut?
How is calcium absorbed in the gut indirectly?
What are the 2 main types of cells in bone?
What is the function of osteoblasts?
What is the function of osteoclasts?
How is calcium released from bone?
What are OAFs?
How do osteoclasts degrade bone?
Which cells in bones have receptors for PTH?
Which cells in bones have receptors for calcitriol?
What is an example of an OAF?
How can osteoblasts turn into osteoclasts?
What is the function of OAFs?
What are the effects of calcitriol on bone when serum calcium is low? (2)
What are the effects of calcitriol on bone when serum calcium is high? (2)
How is PTH regulated?
What does PTH have a negative feedback relationship to? (2)
What is calcitonin?
Which cells in the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin?
Where is calcitonin secreted from?
Is calcitonin very important in calcium regulation?
Is the effect of calcitonin long or short-term?
How does calcitonin regulate serum calcium levels?
Where is FGF23 made?
What is FGF23?
How are phosphates reabsorbed in the kidney?
What is the role of FGF23?
How does FGF23 inhibit phosphate reabsorption?
How does FGF23 regulate serum phosphate levels? (2)
What is the effect of FGF23 on calcitriol?
What is hypercalcaemia?
What is hypocalcaemia?
What is the effect of hypercalcaemia on membrane excitability and why?
What is the effect of hypocalcaemia on membrane excitability and why?
What are the 4 symptoms of hypocalcaemia? (CATs go numb)
What is Chvostek’s sign?
What is Trousseau’s sign?
What are the 2 signs of hypocalcaemia?
What is hypoparathyroidism?
What are the 4 causes of hypoparathyroidism?
What is the effect of hypoparathyroidism?
What are the 5 causes of vitamin D deficiency?
What is ergocalciferol?
Why does vitamin D deficiency/malabsorption affect Ca absorption?
Why does inadequate sun exposure affect Ca absorption?
Why does liver disease affect Ca absorption?
Why does renal disease affect Ca absorption?
Why do vitamin D receptor defects affect Ca absorption?
How do issues in vitamin D synthesis affect Ca levels? (3)
Which receptors absorb calcitriol in the kidney?
What is rickets?
What is the cause of rickets?
What are the 3 symptoms of hypercalcaemia?
What does lack of bone mineralisation present as in children?
What does lack of bone mineralisation present as in adults?
What is nephrocalcinosis?
What are the 5 GI effects of hypercalcaemia?
What are the 5 CNS effects of hypercalcaemia?
What is the renal effect of hypercalcaemia?
When can hypercalcaemia lead to a coma?
What does nephrocalcinosis lead to? (2)
What is primary hyperparathyroidism?
What is the cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?
How can malignant bone cancers lead to hypercalcaemia?
What are the 3 causes of hypercalcaemia?
