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9. extra endo > Calcium and Phosphate Regulation > Flashcards

Calcium and Phosphate Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most abundant metal in the body?

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2
Q

How is calcium obtained in the body?

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3
Q

What form of calcium is found in skeleton and teeth?

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4
Q

What are calcium hydroxyapatite crystals?

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5
Q

Where is calcium found in the body? (3)

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6
Q

What proportion of the body’s calcium is found in the skeleton and teeth?

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7
Q

What proportion of the body’s calcium is found intracellularly?

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8
Q

What proportion of the body’s calcium is found extracellularly?

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9
Q

How are calcium and phosphate levels increased? (2)

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10
Q

How are calcium levels decreased?

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11
Q

How is vitamin D obtained in the body? (2)

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12
Q

Which 3 organs mainly regulate calcium and phosphate levels?

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13
Q

Where is calcitonin secreted from?

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14
Q

What happens to calcium and phosphate regulation when thyroid parafollicular cells?

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15
Q

What are the 2 sources of vitamin D?

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16
Q

Where is ergocalciferol derived from?

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17
Q

Where is cholecalciferol derived from? (2)

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18
Q

What is the structural difference between ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol?

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of vitamin D in the body?

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20
Q

What is measured to indicate vitamin D levels?

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21
Q

Is 25-OH cholecalciferol active?

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22
Q

What is the inactive form of vitamin D?

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23
Q

How is calcitriol synthesis regulated?

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24
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D?

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25
Q

Which rays are absorbed for cholecalciferol synthesis?

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26
Q

What are the 9 steps of cholecalciferol synthesis via vitamin D3?

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27
Q

What are the 5 steps of cholecalciferol synthesis via vitamin D2?

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28
Q

What is calcitriol?

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29
Q

Which 2 hormones regulate vitamin D?

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30
Q

Which 3 places can calcitriol work in?

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31
Q

What is the major function of calcitriol?

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32
Q

Which ion does bone reabsorb?

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33
Q

Which ions do kidneys reabsorb?

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34
Q

Which ions does the gut reabsorb?

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35
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D?

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36
Q

What is the inactive form of vitamin D?

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37
Q

What is PTH?

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38
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands?

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39
Q

How is PTH secreted into circulation? (2)

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40
Q

What is the inactive precursor of PTH?

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41
Q

Which cells in the parathyroid gland make PTH?

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42
Q

When is PTH secreted?

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43
Q

How does pre-pro-PTH turn into PTH?

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44
Q

What type of receptors detect calcium levels on chief cells?

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45
Q

What is the relationship between PTH secretion and serum calcium?

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46
Q

What is the role of PTH?

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47
Q

What happens when chief cells sense high serum calcium?

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48
Q

What happens when chief cells sense low serum calcium?

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49
Q

What is ECF?

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50
Q

What are the 3 effects of PTH on the kidneys?

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51
Q

What is the effects of PTH on bone?

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52
Q

What are the 2 effects of PTH on the gut?

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53
Q

How is calcium absorbed in the gut indirectly?

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54
Q

What are the 2 main types of cells in bone?

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55
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

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56
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

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57
Q

How is calcium released from bone?

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58
Q

What are OAFs?

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59
Q

How do osteoclasts degrade bone?

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60
Q

Which cells in bones have receptors for PTH?

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61
Q

Which cells in bones have receptors for calcitriol?

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62
Q

What is an example of an OAF?

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63
Q

How can osteoblasts turn into osteoclasts?

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64
Q

What is the function of OAFs?

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65
Q

What are the effects of calcitriol on bone when serum calcium is low? (2)

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66
Q

What are the effects of calcitriol on bone when serum calcium is high? (2)

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67
Q

How is PTH regulated?

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68
Q

What does PTH have a negative feedback relationship to? (2)

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69
Q

What is calcitonin?

A
70
Q

Which cells in the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin?

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71
Q

Where is calcitonin secreted from?

A
72
Q

Is calcitonin very important in calcium regulation?

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73
Q

Is the effect of calcitonin long or short-term?

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74
Q

How does calcitonin regulate serum calcium levels?

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75
Q

Where is FGF23 made?

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76
Q

What is FGF23?

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77
Q

How are phosphates reabsorbed in the kidney?

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78
Q

What is the role of FGF23?

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79
Q

How does FGF23 inhibit phosphate reabsorption?

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80
Q

How does FGF23 regulate serum phosphate levels? (2)

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81
Q

What is the effect of FGF23 on calcitriol?

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82
Q

What is hypercalcaemia?

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83
Q

What is hypocalcaemia?

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84
Q

What is the effect of hypercalcaemia on membrane excitability and why?

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85
Q

What is the effect of hypocalcaemia on membrane excitability and why?

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86
Q

What are the 4 symptoms of hypocalcaemia? (CATs go numb)

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87
Q

What is Chvostek’s sign?

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88
Q

What is Trousseau’s sign?

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89
Q

What are the 2 signs of hypocalcaemia?

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90
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism?

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91
Q

What are the 4 causes of hypoparathyroidism?

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92
Q

What is the effect of hypoparathyroidism?

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93
Q

What are the 5 causes of vitamin D deficiency?

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94
Q

What is ergocalciferol?

A
95
Q

Why does vitamin D deficiency/malabsorption affect Ca absorption?

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96
Q

Why does inadequate sun exposure affect Ca absorption?

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97
Q

Why does liver disease affect Ca absorption?

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98
Q

Why does renal disease affect Ca absorption?

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99
Q

Why do vitamin D receptor defects affect Ca absorption?

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100
Q

How do issues in vitamin D synthesis affect Ca levels? (3)

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101
Q

Which receptors absorb calcitriol in the kidney?

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102
Q

What is rickets?

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103
Q

What is the cause of rickets?

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104
Q

What are the 3 symptoms of hypercalcaemia?

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105
Q

What does lack of bone mineralisation present as in children?

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106
Q

What does lack of bone mineralisation present as in adults?

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107
Q

What is nephrocalcinosis?

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108
Q

What are the 5 GI effects of hypercalcaemia?

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109
Q

What are the 5 CNS effects of hypercalcaemia?

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110
Q

What is the renal effect of hypercalcaemia?

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111
Q

When can hypercalcaemia lead to a coma?

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112
Q

What does nephrocalcinosis lead to? (2)

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113
Q

What is primary hyperparathyroidism?

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114
Q

What is the cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

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115
Q

How can malignant bone cancers lead to hypercalcaemia?

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116
Q

What are the 3 causes of hypercalcaemia?

A

9. extra endo (12 decks)

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