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SUGAR > Thyroid and parathyroid endocrinology > Flashcards

Thyroid and parathyroid endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?

A

the isthmus

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2
Q

What cell types does the thyroid gland consist of?

A

follicular and parafollicular cells

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3
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

T4-thyroxine
T3-thriiodothyronine
calcitonin

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4
Q

Describe the process of thyroid hormone synthesis

A
  1. Iodide uptake in thyrocytes by the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS)
  2. Oxidised by thyroperoxidase (TPO)
  3. Incorporated into selected tyrosyl residues of thyroglobin (TG)
  4. results in the formation of mono and diiodotyrosines
  5. Iodotyrosines are subsequently coupled by TPO to form thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
  6. Hydrolysed by lysosomes and T4 and T3 are released into the bloodstream
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5
Q

What is T4?

A

thyroxine

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6
Q

What is T3?

A

triiodothyronine

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7
Q

What do T3 and T4 bind to in the blood?

A

thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

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8
Q

Which out of T3 and T4 is more active?

A

T3 is more active

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9
Q

What is T4 converted into in the peripheral tissues?

A

T3

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10
Q

What are the effects of thyroid hormones?

A

Increase BMR
Increase body temperature
Increase appetite
promotes metabolism of nutrients

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11
Q

Which type of cells secrete calcitonin?

A

C cells

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12
Q

Which cells store thyroid hormone?

A

colloid cells

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13
Q

What is made in the hypothalamus that causes the release of thyroid stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary?

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone

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14
Q

Where do T4 and T3 cause negative feedback?

A

the hypothalamus

the anterior pituitary

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15
Q

What does TSH stimulate by binding to TSH receptors in the thyroid gland?

A

uptake of I- by Na/I- symporter

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16
Q

Which enzyme is important in the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

A

TPO thyro-peroxidase

17
Q

Which out of T3 and T4 is biologically active?

A

T3

18
Q

Describe what serum TSH, free T3 and free T4 would look like in a case of hyperthyroidism?

A

reduced serum TSH
increased serum free T4
increased serum free T3

19
Q

What does Grave’s disease cause?

A

hyperthyroidism

20
Q

What is the issue if
high serum TSH
low serum free T4
low serum free T3

A

hypothyroidism

21
Q

What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands?

A

parathyroid hormone PTH

22
Q

What does low calcium trigger the secretion of by the parathyroid glands?

A

PTH

23
Q

What does high phosphate trigger the secretion of by parathyroid glands?

A

PTH

24
Q

What triggers the secretion of parathyroid hormone?

A

low calcium

high phosphate

25
Q

Describe the action of PTH

A

increases calcium absorption in the renal distal tubule
Increases intestinal calcium absorption
Increases calcium release from bones
decreases phosphate reabsorption

26
Q

How does PTH affect phosphate reabsorption?

A

decreases phosphate reabsorption

27
Q

What percentage of calcium is bound to albumin?

A

50%

28
Q

What type of cell does PTH stimulate in bone?

A

osteoclasts

29
Q

What hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands and stimulates the production of the active form of vitamin D?

A

PTH

30
Q

What affect does increased PTH secretion have on urinary phosphate levels?

A

increases urinary phosphate levels

31
Q

What effect does increased PTH secretion have on urinary calcium levels?

A

decreased

32
Q

What effect does PTH have on bone resorption?

A

PTH increases bone resorption

33
Q

What does increased serum calcium inhibit the secretion of?

A

PTH

34
Q

What hormone is released by the thyroid gland in response to high calcium?

A

calcitonin

35
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

inhibits bone resorption

SUGAR (10 decks)

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