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SUGAR > Female reproduction > Flashcards

Female reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are fallopian tubes also known as?

A

oviducts

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2
Q

What are the finger like projections that surround the opening of each fallopian tube called?

A

fimbriae

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3
Q

What are the external female genitalia?

A 
mons pubis 
labia majora
labia manora
clitoris 
vestibule of the vagina 
vestibular glands
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4
Q

How many eggs do the ovaries contain at birth?

A

2-4 million

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5
Q

what are the primitive female germ cells called?

A

oogonia

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6
Q

During fetal life, what do all oogonia develop into?

A

primary oocytes

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7
Q

What are the daughter cells of the first meiotic division of the primary oocyte?

A

the secondary oocyte and the first polar body

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8
Q

Where does the secondary oocyte divide to from the ovum and the second polar body?

A

the the fallopian tube after fertilisation

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9
Q

How many ova can each primary oocyte produce?

A

only one

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10
Q

What do the ovarian follicles begin as?

A

primordial follicles

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11
Q

Describe a primordial follicle

A

one primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells

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12
Q

What separates the granulosa cells from the oocyte?

A

the zona pellucida

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13
Q

What is the role of the zona pellucida in fertilisation?

A

the zona pellucida contains glycoproteins that bind the sperm to the egg

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14
Q

At the beginning of each menstrual cycle, how many antral follicles develop into larger antral follicles?

A

10 to 25

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15
Q

At about a week into the cycle, only one of the larger antral follicles continues to develop. What is this follicle referred to as?

A

the dominant follicle

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16
Q

What is the degenerative process called by which the non-dominant follicles degenerate?

A

atresia

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17
Q

What is the mature follicle referred to as?

A

the graafian follicle

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18
Q

At what say does ovulation usually occur in the menstrual cycle?

A

day 14

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19
Q

What is the most common cause of multiple births?

A

more than one egg is ovulated

20
Q

After the mature follicle has undergone ovulation, what does it become?

A

the corpus luteum

21
Q

Which two phases can we split the ovarian menstrual cycle into?

A

follicular phase- mature follicle and secondary oocyte develops
luteal phase- beginning after ovulation and lasting until the death of the corpus luteum

22
Q

Describe the pattern of FSH secretion throughout the menstrual cycle

A

FSH increases at the start the steadily decreases throughout the remainder of the cycle except for a small mid peak

23
Q

Describe the pattern in LH secretion throughout the menstrual cycle

A

Constant during most of the follicular phase
large midcycle increase called the LH surge
followed by a rapid decrease and slow decline in the luteal phase

24
Q

Why does oestrogen increase rapidly during the second week of the menstrual cycle?

A

the dominant ovarian follicle grows and secretes more oestrogen

25
Q

What is the second peak of eostrogen in the menstrual cycle a result of?

A

secretion by the corpus luteum

26
Q

Describe the pattern of progesterone levels in the menstrual cycle. Why does progesterone increase?

A

very low progesterone during the follicular phase

soon after ovulation the corpus luteum releases large amounts of progesterone

27
Q

Which phase is inhibin high in?

A

the luteal phase. Decreases as the corpus luteum degenerates

28
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

oestrogen
progesterone
inhibin

29
Q

Which cell type does FSH act on?

A

granulosa cells

30
Q

What effect does FSH have on granulosa cells?

A

causes them to proliferate

causes them to produce oestrogen

31
Q

What cell type does LH act on?

A

theca cells

32
Q

What effect does LH have on theca cells?

A

causes them to proliferate

causes them to synthesise androgens

33
Q

What is the primary cause of ovulation?

A

the LH surge

34
Q

What does LH cause theca cells to synthesise?

A

androgens

35
Q

What happens to the androgens synthesised in the theca cells?

A

androgens diffuse into granulosa cells and are converted to oestrogen

36
Q

Describe the negative feedback in the menstrual cycle

A

Oestrogen- acts on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

inhibin- acts on anterior pituitary (mainly inhibits FSH)

37
Q

What day in the menstrual cycle is the first day of menstrual flow?

A

day 1

38
Q

How long does the menstrual phase usually last ?

A

3-5 days

39
Q

What is degenerating in the menstrual phase?

A

the endometrium

40
Q

What uterine phase comes after the menstrual phase?

A

the proliferative phase

41
Q

What regenerates in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

the endometrium

42
Q

What hormone is the proliferative phase under the influence of?

A

oestrogen

43
Q

What phase follows the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

the secretory phase

44
Q

Which ovarian phase is the same as the uterine secretory phase?

A

the luteal phase

45
Q

Describe what happens in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

the endometrium secretes glycogen and glycoproteins

46
Q

What hormones influence the secretory phase?

A

oestrogen and progesterone

47
Q

What is the underlying uterine smooth muscle referred to as?

A

the myometrium

SUGAR (10 decks)

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