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Clinical Pathology > Thyroid > Flashcards

Thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

Iodide is absorbed in the ____

A

Small intestine

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2
Q

Iodide is converted to organic iodine by ____

A

Peroxidase

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3
Q

The ____ (in thyroglobulin) are iodinated at one or two sites and then coupled to form the hormones T3 and T4

A

Tyrosines

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4
Q

____, a glycoprotein containing T3 and T4 within its matrix, is taken up as colloid droplets by the thyroid cells

A

Thyroglobulin

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5
Q

____ cleave T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin, resulting in the release of free T3 and T4

A

Lysosomes

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6
Q

Secretion of hormone from the thyroid depends on the amount of circulating ___

A

TSH

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7
Q

The level of TSH depends on the amount of ___ and on the level of free thyroid hormones in the circulation

A

TRH

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8
Q

Under normal conditions, only about __% of thyroid hormone secretion is T3

A

15%

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9
Q

80-85% of T4 and 70% of T3 are bound to this serum protein in the blood

A

TBG

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10
Q

What serum protein is bound to about 30% of T3 (5% of T4)

A

Albumin (TBA)

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11
Q

Only about __% of circulating T3 is produced by the thyroid

A

15%

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12
Q

About __% of daily T3 production takes place by conversion of free T4 to T3

A

80%

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13
Q

Protein-bound thyroid hormone is metabolically ____

A

Inert (inactive)

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14
Q

____ increases the rate of energy exchange and oxygen consumption by all body tissues

A

Thyroid hormone

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15
Q

Thyroid hormone stimulates the synthesis of ___ in virtually every body tissue

A

Protein

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16
Q

PBI stands for

A

Protein Bound Iodine

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17
Q

PBI is ___ in patients w/hyperthyroidism and ____ in patients w/hypothyroidism

A

Increased, decreased

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18
Q

A common reason for a false increase in PBI?

A

Pregnancy (or oral contraceptives)

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19
Q

Greater than normal levels of total T4 (thyroxine) indicate a ____ state, while decreased levels indicate the opposite

A

Hyperthyroid

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20
Q

Actual name for T3?

A

Triiodothyronine

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21
Q

Levels of carrier proteins (such as TBG) are concomitantly measured by T3 ____ studies (along with the usual Total T4 test)

A

Resin uptake

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22
Q

Possible critical value of total T4 in newborns?

A

<7.0 micrograms/dL

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23
Q

Critical values of total T4 for adults? (Both low and high)

A

<2.0 micrograms/dL (Myxedema coma possible)

>20 “ “ (thyroid storm possible)

24
Q

Hypothyroidism in infants

A

Cretinism

25
Q

Hypothyroidism in adults

A

Myxedema

26
Q

Most common cause of hyperthyroidism

A

Grave’s disease

27
Q

Most common cause of hypothyroidism

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

28
Q

Drug that decreases TBG

A

Steroid

29
Q

Enlarged thyroid gland

A

Goiter

30
Q

Hyperthyroidism in adults

A

Thyrotoxicosis

31
Q

Hypothyroidism in a child

A

Juvenile

32
Q

This test requires the antibody to T4

A

T4 by radioimmunoassay (RIA)

33
Q

First thyroid test used

A

PBI

34
Q

The sensitivity of T4 assay is approximately __% for hyperthyroidism and __% for hypothyroidism

A

95%, 92%

35
Q

This test is one of the best for thyroid function and most accurately reflects thyroid status

A

Free Thyroxine Assay

36
Q

This test measures the capacity of TBG to bind (“take up”) labeled T3 at unsaturated T4 sites

A

T3 Uptake Test (T3U)

37
Q

In the T3 uptake test, high levels of uptake of 131 I-T3 by the resin (meaning low amounts were taken up by the open TBG sites) is indicative of ____thyroidism

A

Hyper

38
Q

Another way to say normal thyroid

A

Euthyroid

39
Q

This test is measured by multiplying the Total T4 result by the T3 uptake result. It was developed to correct the T4 assay for effects of thyroxine-binding protein alterations (i.e. increased/decreased TBG)

A

Free Thyroxine Index (FTI)

40
Q

This test measures total serum T3 directly by using anti-T3 antibody. It is used to detect T3 Thyrotoxicosis.

A

T3 by RIA (T3 assay)

41
Q

The ___ reflex is a good measure for tissue utilization of thyroxine (T4)

A

Achilles tendon

42
Q

This measurement is inversely proportional to thyroid status

A

Cholesterol

43
Q

The ___ concentration aids in differentiating primary from secondary hypothyroidism.

A

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

44
Q

Pituitary TSH secretion is stimulated by hypothalamic ____ hormone

A

Thyroid-releasing (TRH)

45
Q

An elevation in TRH and TSH would indicate a patient with ____ hypothyroidism

A

Primary (T3 and T4 are low, leading to increased stimulation of TRH and therefore TSH)

46
Q

A patient with secondary hypothyroidism would have __ levels of TRH and TSH

A

Low

47
Q

Decreased levels of TSH could indicate what two things?

A
  1. Secondary hypothyroidism

2. Hyperthyroidism

48
Q

What thyroid test is considered a good SCREENING test?

A

TSH test

49
Q

The American Thyroid Association recommends that adults be screened for thyroid dysfunction by measurement of TSH beginning at age ___ and every 5 years thereafter.

A

35

50
Q

Antithyroglobulin antibody and antithyroid microsomal antibody would both be increased in patient’s w/this hypothyroid disease

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

51
Q

Treatment for patients w/primary hypothyroidism (cretinism, juvenile hypothyroidism, myxedema)

A

Thyroid hormone for life (synthetic thyroxine)

52
Q

ALP is ____ in hypothyroidism

A

Decreased

53
Q

Common name for Toxic diffuse goiter

A

Grave’s disease

54
Q

Common name for Toxic nodular goiter

A

Plummer’s disease

55
Q

The most common cause of goiter worldwide

A

Iodine deficiency

Clinical Pathology (12 decks)

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