Complete Urinalysis

Question 1

Normal colors of urine? (2)

Answer 1

Yellow, amber

Question 2

Yellow foam in urine is indicative of?

Answer 2

Bile pigments - bilirubin

Question 3

White foam in urine is indicative of what?

Answer 3

Albumin

Question 4

____ is a measure of the dissolved substances present in the urine. It is a physical property of urine and an expression of concentration.

Answer 4

Specific Gravity

Question 5

Normal specific gravity range?

Answer 5

1.003-1.030

Question 6

A specific gravity of greater than ____ indicates normal urine concentrating ability.

Answer 6

1.023

Question 7

Inability to concentrate urine may accompany certain diseases, such as _____

Answer 7

Diabetes insipidus

Question 8

Normal range for urine pH?

Answer 8

4.5-8.0

Question 9

Low or high pH? Cystitis, old urine

Answer 9

High

Question 10

Fevers and high protein diets may cause the urine pH to be ___

Answer 10

Low

Question 11

A chem strip is particularly sensitive to _____, the dominant constituent in proteinuria

Answer 11

Albumin

Question 12

The two types of proteinuria?

Answer 12

Functional, organic

Question 13

Which type of proteinuria is associated with an “ah-ha” clinical finding?

Answer 13

Organic

Question 14

Name the type of proteinuria:

• severe muscular exertion
• pregnancy
• orthostatic proteinuria
• cold
• high protein diet

Answer 14

Functional

Question 15

What is the most common type of functional proteinuria?

Answer 15

Orthostatic proteinuria (allows albumin to show up in the urine when the patient is standing)

Question 16

A possible reason for decreased glucose in the urine is treatment with _____

Answer 16

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

Question 17

The most common reason for glucosuria?

Answer 17

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 18

Prolonged exposure to room temperature, a specific gravity >1.020 and increased pH causes falsely ____ glucose levels

Answer 18

Low

Question 19

The normal renal threshold is usually about ___mg/100ml serum glucose level

Answer 19

180

Question 20

List two common reasons for glucosuria WITHOUT hyperglycemia

Answer 20

1. Pregnancy
2. Renal glycosuria (when an individual spills glucose at a lower blood level than the average person - due to low tubular transfer reabsorptive capacities)

Question 21

____ appears when there is an increased use of fat instead of carbohydrate for metabolism.

Answer 21

Ketonuria

Question 22

___ is practically the only disease in which ketonuria has real diagnostic importance

Answer 22

Diabetes

Question 23

Severe dehydration (from vomiting, diarrhea, severe infections), starvation, and alcoholism are all possible reasons for ____uria

Answer 23

Ketone

Question 24

___ is the presence of intact RBCs in the urine.

Answer 24

Hematuria

Question 25

A leukocyte ____ test will detect about 85-95% of patients with abnormal number of WBCs in centrifuged urinary sediment

Answer 25

Esterase

Question 26

A nitrite test is for what?

Answer 26

Bacteria, specifically gram-negative

Question 27

What enzyme can reduce urinary nitrates to nitrites?

Answer 27

Reductase

Question 28

At least how many hours must urine be incubated in the bladder for a positive nitrite test?

Answer 28

4 hours

Question 29

The appearance of bilirubin in the urine usually indicates a problem with what organ?

Answer 29

Liver (or gallbladder)

Question 30

Only ___ bilirubin can be detected in the urine because it is water-soluble.

Answer 30

Conjugated

Question 31

Two DDXs for hyperbilirubinuria?

Answer 31

1. Liver disease | 2. Biliary tract obstruction

Question 32

Increased urine urobilinogen is usually due to ____ dysfunction

Answer 32

Liver (cirrhosis, severe hepatitis)

Question 33

The reference range is generally 0-2 ___, and 0-5 ___ per high-power field, and only an occasional cast.

Answer 33

RBCs, WBCs

Question 34

What is a common organ affected when hematuria is found?

Answer 34

Kidney

Question 35

Name for WBCs found in the urine?

Answer 35

Pyuria

Question 36

Pyuria of ___ origin is usually accompanied by significant proteinuria

Answer 36

Renal

Question 37

WBC casts are definite evidence that urinary WBCs originate in the ____ (organ)

Answer 37

Kidney

Question 38

More than __ squamous epithelial cells per low-power field provide an adequate guidepost for suspicion of contamination.

Answer 38

10

Question 39

Name the cast type: skinny, long, pointy ends

Answer 39

Hyaline

Question 40

Name the cast: fat, chopped-off ends

Answer 40

Waxy

Question 41

___ casts are indicative of acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)

Answer 41

RBC

Question 42

____ casts are indicative of acute pyelonephritis

Answer 42

WBC

Question 43

This type of cast WAS a RBC cast...

Answer 43

Granular

Question 44

This type of cast should be considered “junk”, or a fake-out

Answer 44

Pseudocasts

Question 45

What 3 types of casts are ALWAYS significant?

Answer 45

Fatty, RBC, WBC

Question 46

Budding, ovoid shape, and slightly more opaque are things that help differentiate ___ from RBCs in a urine microscopic examination

Answer 46

Yeast

Question 47

A disorder of salt and water metabolism characterized by intense thirst and heavy urination

Answer 47

Diabetes Insipidus