Blood Proteins & Electrophoresis Flashcards
The minimum daily requirement is about __-__ grams of first class protein.
40-60
The rate of protein synthesis is increased by what three things?
- T4
- Cortisol
- Anabolic steroids
The rate of protein synthesis is decreased by protein malnutrition, malignancies, and ___ environments
Hot
In the classification of proteins by solubility, ____ is water soluble, and ___ is non-water soluble
Albumin, globulin
These three proteins are insoluble in most common regents:
- Collagen
- Elastin
- Keratin
Proteins are the most significant component contributing to the ____ within the vascular space. This helps keep fluid in the vascular space.
Osmotic pressure
Immunoglobulins are synthesized in the _____ system
Lymphoreticular
What is the key organ for protein metabolism?
Liver
Albumin makes up approximately __% of the total protein
60%
The most osmotically active of the plasma proteins?
Albumin
___ are the key building block of antibodies
Globulins
The major purpose of albumin within the blood is to maintain colloidal ____
Osmotic pressure
___ transports important blood constituents such as drugs, hormones and enzymes
Albumin
Name the collagen vascular disease that causes low albumin levels, but globulins are normal/increased to maintain total protein levels.
Lupus erythematosus
Chronic liver diseases would result in what levels of albumin and globulin?
Low albumin, high globulin
Normally the albumin:globulin ratio exceeds ____
1.0
Prolonged application of a tourniquet can ____ both fractions of total proteins (increase/decrease)
Increase
Normal values for total protein?
6.4-8.3 g/dL
Normal values for albumin?
3.5-5.0 g/dL
Normal values for globulin?
2.3-3.4 g/dL
Chronic infection, dehydration, multiple myeloma, hemolysis, and collagen-autoimmune diseases would produce ____ levels of total protein
Increased
There is a __% reduction in serum albumin levels in late pregnancy due to hemodilution
10%
Why might albumin levels be increased?
Dehydration
____ is still the most commonly used screening test for serum protein abnormalities, except for the measurement of albumin only.
Electrophoresis (ELP)
ELP separates protein into five fractions on the basis of their electrical charge. They are:
- Albumin
- Alpha 1
- Alpha 2
- Beta
- Gamma
Which is small and which is large? Albumin/globulin
Small = albumin Large = globulin
Globulins are subclassified into what three main groups?
- Alpha
- Beta
- Gamma
____ makes up almost 90% of alpha-1 globulin
Alpha antitrypsin
HDL is considered a ____ globulin
Alpha-1
Serum ____ bind hemoglobin during hemolysis
Haptoglobins
Haptoglobins, ceruloplasmin (carrier for copper), erythropoietin, prothrombin, and cholinesterase (enzyme used in catabolism of acetylcholine) are considered ____ globulins
Alpha-2
LDL is considered a ___ globulin
Beta
____ globulins are the immune globulins (IgG, IgM, etc.)
Gamma
Normally immunoglobulins are polyclonal, so when the pattern changes to a large monoclonal spike (i.e. IgM is significantly increased) infection, allergy, or neoplasm such as ___ is suspected.
Myeloma
____, manufactured in the liver, is not seen on ELP because it uses plasma (not serum)
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobulins can also be called ____
Antibodies
____ comprises about 75% of the serum immunoglobulins
IgG
____ is the simplest immunoglobulin consisting of 2H chains and 2L chains (meaning it is small)
IgG
This immunoglobulin is the only one that crosses the placenta and once they are made you will not lose them. They are the “go get ‘em” ones that go after bacteria and viruses
IgG
___ constitutes about 15% of the immunoglobulins and is present primarily in the secretions of the gastrointestinal tract, saliva, and tears
IgA
Selective deficiency of ____ is the most common primary immunodeficiency associated w/frequent upper respiratory and GI infections.
IgA
Long-term therapy with ____ is reported to decrease IgA levels.
Dilantin
___ is an immunoglobulin primarily responsible for ABO blood groupings and rheumatoid factor
IgM
IgM accounts for __% of immunoglobulins
7%
These are the first immunoglobulins to be made and the “first line of defense”
IgM
IgM is a pentamer consisting of __H chains and __L chains (large)
5, 5
___ is measured to detect allergic diseases
IgE
___ constitutes the smallest portion of the immunoglobulins and is rarely evaluated or detected.
IgD
Decreased albumin, increased alpha-2 = found in acute infections, MI, and necrosis
Acute reaction pattern
____ pattern shows decreased albumin, increased gamma, and increased/normal alpha 2. Found in chronic infections and rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic inflammatory
___ syndrome shows marked decreased albumin, marked increased alpha 2, increased/normal beta.
Nephrotic
Decreased albumin, increased gamma, and beta-gamma bridging
Far-advanced cirrhosis
Cirrhosis, chronic infections, TB, SBE, and SLE would show a marked increase in ____ globulins altogether
Gamma
Decreased gamma globulins is called _____
Hypogammaglobulinemia
Multiple myeloma consists of a high, thin spike in a single gamma globulin. This is referred to as ____
Monoclonal gammopathy spike
