Blood Proteins & Electrophoresis

Question 1

The minimum daily requirement is about __-__ grams of first class protein.

Answer 1

40-60

Question 2

The rate of protein synthesis is increased by what three things?

Answer 2

1. T4
2. Cortisol
3. Anabolic steroids

Question 3

The rate of protein synthesis is decreased by protein malnutrition, malignancies, and ___ environments

Answer 3

Hot

Question 4

In the classification of proteins by solubility, ____ is water soluble, and ___ is non-water soluble

Answer 4

Albumin, globulin

Question 5

These three proteins are insoluble in most common regents:

Answer 5

1. Collagen
2. Elastin
3. Keratin

Question 6

Proteins are the most significant component contributing to the ____ within the vascular space. This helps keep fluid in the vascular space.

Answer 6

Osmotic pressure

Question 7

Immunoglobulins are synthesized in the _____ system

Answer 7

Lymphoreticular

Question 8

What is the key organ for protein metabolism?

Answer 8

Liver

Question 9

Albumin makes up approximately __% of the total protein

Answer 9

60%

Question 10

The most osmotically active of the plasma proteins?

Answer 10

Albumin

Question 11

___ are the key building block of antibodies

Answer 11

Globulins

Question 12

The major purpose of albumin within the blood is to maintain colloidal ____

Answer 12

Osmotic pressure

Question 13

___ transports important blood constituents such as drugs, hormones and enzymes

Answer 13

Albumin

Question 14

Name the collagen vascular disease that causes low albumin levels, but globulins are normal/increased to maintain total protein levels.

Answer 14

Lupus erythematosus

Question 15

Chronic liver diseases would result in what levels of albumin and globulin?

Answer 15

Low albumin, high globulin

Question 16

Normally the albumin:globulin ratio exceeds ____

Answer 16

1.0

Question 17

Prolonged application of a tourniquet can ____ both fractions of total proteins (increase/decrease)

Answer 17

Increase

Question 18

Normal values for total protein?

Answer 18

6.4-8.3 g/dL

Question 19

Normal values for albumin?

Answer 19

3.5-5.0 g/dL

Question 20

Normal values for globulin?

Answer 20

2.3-3.4 g/dL

Question 21

Chronic infection, dehydration, multiple myeloma, hemolysis, and collagen-autoimmune diseases would produce ____ levels of total protein

Answer 21

Increased

Question 22

There is a __% reduction in serum albumin levels in late pregnancy due to hemodilution

Answer 22

10%

Question 23

Why might albumin levels be increased?

Answer 23

Dehydration

Question 24

____ is still the most commonly used screening test for serum protein abnormalities, except for the measurement of albumin only.

Answer 24

Electrophoresis (ELP)

Question 25

ELP separates protein into five fractions on the basis of their electrical charge. They are:

Answer 25

1. Albumin 2. Alpha 1 3. Alpha 2 4. Beta 5. Gamma

Question 26

Which is small and which is large? Albumin/globulin

Answer 26

``` Small = albumin Large = globulin ```

Question 27

Globulins are subclassified into what three main groups?

Answer 27

1. Alpha 2. Beta 3. Gamma

Question 28

____ makes up almost 90% of alpha-1 globulin

Answer 28

Alpha antitrypsin

Question 29

HDL is considered a ____ globulin

Answer 29

Alpha-1

Question 30

Serum ____ bind hemoglobin during hemolysis

Answer 30

Haptoglobins

Question 31

Haptoglobins, ceruloplasmin (carrier for copper), erythropoietin, prothrombin, and cholinesterase (enzyme used in catabolism of acetylcholine) are considered ____ globulins

Answer 31

Alpha-2

Question 32

LDL is considered a ___ globulin

Answer 32

Beta

Question 33

____ globulins are the immune globulins (IgG, IgM, etc.)

Answer 33

Gamma

Question 34

Normally immunoglobulins are polyclonal, so when the pattern changes to a large monoclonal spike (i.e. IgM is significantly increased) infection, allergy, or neoplasm such as ___ is suspected.

Answer 34

Myeloma

Question 35

____, manufactured in the liver, is not seen on ELP because it uses plasma (not serum)

Answer 35

Fibrinogen

Question 36

Immunoglobulins can also be called ____

Answer 36

Antibodies

Question 37

____ comprises about 75% of the serum immunoglobulins

Answer 37

IgG

Question 38

____ is the simplest immunoglobulin consisting of 2H chains and 2L chains (meaning it is small)

Answer 38

IgG

Question 39

This immunoglobulin is the only one that crosses the placenta and once they are made you will not lose them. They are the “go get ‘em” ones that go after bacteria and viruses

Answer 39

IgG

Question 40

___ constitutes about 15% of the immunoglobulins and is present primarily in the secretions of the gastrointestinal tract, saliva, and tears

Answer 40

IgA

Question 41

Selective deficiency of ____ is the most common primary immunodeficiency associated w/frequent upper respiratory and GI infections.

Answer 41

IgA

Question 42

Long-term therapy with ____ is reported to decrease IgA levels.

Answer 42

Dilantin

Question 43

___ is an immunoglobulin primarily responsible for ABO blood groupings and rheumatoid factor

Answer 43

IgM

Question 44

IgM accounts for __% of immunoglobulins

Answer 44

7%

Question 45

These are the first immunoglobulins to be made and the “first line of defense”

Answer 45

IgM

Question 46

IgM is a pentamer consisting of __H chains and __L chains (large)

Answer 46

5, 5

Question 47

___ is measured to detect allergic diseases

Answer 47

IgE

Question 48

___ constitutes the smallest portion of the immunoglobulins and is rarely evaluated or detected.

Answer 48

IgD

Question 49

Decreased albumin, increased alpha-2 = found in acute infections, MI, and necrosis

Answer 49

Acute reaction pattern

Question 50

____ pattern shows decreased albumin, increased gamma, and increased/normal alpha 2. Found in chronic infections and rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 50

Chronic inflammatory

Question 51

___ syndrome shows marked decreased albumin, marked increased alpha 2, increased/normal beta.

Answer 51

Nephrotic

Question 52

Decreased albumin, increased gamma, and beta-gamma bridging

Answer 52

Far-advanced cirrhosis

Question 53

Cirrhosis, chronic infections, TB, SBE, and SLE would show a marked increase in ____ globulins altogether

Answer 53

Gamma

Question 54

Decreased gamma globulins is called _____

Answer 54

Hypogammaglobulinemia

Question 55

Multiple myeloma consists of a high, thin spike in a single gamma globulin. This is referred to as ____

Answer 55

Monoclonal gammopathy spike