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Phg 204 > Thyroid > Flashcards

Thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid gland

located (above or below) the larynx on both sides and (anterior or posterior ?) to the trachea

  • 2 lobes joined by an _____
  • normal adult weight is __-___g
A

Below
Anterior

isthmus

15-20

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2
Q

Thyroid gland is minimally vascularized

T/F

A

F

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3
Q

Thyroid gland is made up of numerous _____

A

follicles

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4
Q

follicles are ____ in shape and lined by (single or double?) layer of cuboidal epithelium

-follicles are filled with ____

A

spherical

Single

colloid

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5
Q

follicular cells synthesize _____ and ____

A

thyroxine and T3

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6
Q

colloid is mainly made up of the (small or large?) ______ called ______ that is synthesized and secreted by the ____ and _____

A

Large

glycoprotein

thyroglobulin

ER wnd golgi complex

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7
Q

thyroglobulin has a molecular weight of ______ and contains —— _____amino acids

A

660000

140 tyrosine

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8
Q

SYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONE

  • _____ is essential for synthesis of thyroid hormones
  • minimum daily intake in food and water is ___-___mg
A

iodine

100-150

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9
Q

iodine is converted to ____ in gut and absorbed into blood and ECF

A

iodide

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10
Q

about _/3 of absorbed iodide is taken up by the thyroid while _/3 is excreted by the kidneys

A

1

2

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11
Q

STEPS INVOLVED IN THYROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS

  • synthesis of _____ and its extrusion into the _____ from the ___ membrane
  • _____ to pump iodine into the cell from the ____ membrane
  • oxidation of iodine to ____(I to I2)
A

thyroglobulin

follicular Lumen

apical

iodide pump

basal

iodide

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12
Q

STEPS INVOLVED IN THYROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS

After oxidizing iodine to iodide

organization of iodide into ___ and _____

  • coupling reaction of ___ and ___ into ___ and ____
  • __cystosis of ___
A

MIT and DIT

MIT and DIT; T3 and T4

exo ; TG

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13
Q

STEPS INVOLVED IN THYROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS

After taking TG coupled with T4 and T3 back into the cell from the apical membrane

____ of T4 and T3, T4 and T3 enters the circulation
-____ of the remaining MIT and DIT. ___ and ___ is recirculated

A

hydrolysis

deiodination

Iodide and tyrosine

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14
Q

Organification of thyroglobulin

-binding of _____ with _____ in the thyroglobulin

A

iodine with amino acid

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15
Q

TG is released from the cell into the blood from the basal membrane

T/F

A

F

TH itself isn’t released

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16
Q

RELEASE of TG

-______ are cleaved from the TG molecule and released into the blood

A

T4 and T3

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17
Q

TRANSPORT of TG

  • __% bind with tyrosine-binding ___
  • __% bind with tyrosine binding ___
  • ___% with serum ___
  • less than ___% in free form
A

67; globulin

20; prealbumin(TBPA)

13; albumin

0.1

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18
Q

In the transport of T4 , ____ has the greatest affinity to bind T4

A

TBG

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19
Q

In the binding of T4, ____ has the smallest capacity to bind T4

A

TBG

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20
Q

_____ has the largest capacity to bind T4

A

albumin

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21
Q

SECRETION of TG

  • normal human thyroid secretes about : *__mg of T4/day
  • __mg of T3/day
  • __mg of RT3/ day
A

80

4

2

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22
Q

Control of Secretion of TG

  • TSH ___eases TH secretion
  • T4’s feedback at ____ or ____ levels control TSH release
  • cold (stimulates or reduces?) TSH
  • warmth (stimulates or reduces?) TSH
  • stress (stimulates or reduces?) TSH
  • glucocorticoids (excite or inhibit?) TRH
A

incr

pituitary; hypothalamic

stimulates

reduces

Reduces

Inhibit

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23
Q

Stimulatory Factors of thyroid hormone

  • TSH
  • thyroid _____
  • increased level of TBG (eg In _____)
A

stimulating immunoglobulins

pregnancy

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24
Q

perchlorate and thiocynate inhibits _____

A

iodide pump

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25
Q

iodide deficiency inhibits T4 production

deiodinase deficiency stimulates T4 production

Low iodide intake inhibits T4 production

low levels of TBG stimulates T4 production

T/F

A

T

F

F

F

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26
Q

low levels of TBG can be caused by liver diseases

T/F

A

T

27
Q

proprothiouracil inhibits _____ enzyme

A

peroxidase

28
Q

FUNCTIONS of thyroid hormones

  • (activates or inhibits?) nuclear transcription of genes
  • ___eases Na-k atpase
  • ___ease number and activity of mitochondria
  • promote Brain growth during ___ life and ____ years of post natal life
A

Activates

incr

fetal

first few

29
Q

Specific functions of thyroid hormones

(A) Carbohydrate metabolism

  • (slow or rapid?)uptake of glucose by cells
  • ___eases gluconeogenesis
  • ___eases rate of absorption from GIT
  • ___eases insulin secretion
A

Rapid

incr

incr

incr

30
Q

Thyroid hormones aid glycolysis

T/F

A

T

31
Q

Specific functions of thyroid hormones

Fat Metabolism

  • __eases mobilization of lipid from fat tissue
  • ___elerates the oxidation of free fatty acids by the cells
A

incr

acc

32
Q

Specific functions of thyroid hormones

Vitamin Metabolism
-demand for vitamins is ____eased leading to increased vitamin deficiency

A

incr

33
Q

Thyroid hormone increases BMR

T/F

A

T

34
Q

Specific functions of thyroid hormones

CVS

  • ___eased blood flow leading to ___eased cardiac output
  • __eased heart rate due to (direct or indirect?) effect on its excitability
  • ___eased strength of heart muscle
A

incr

incr

incr;direct

incr

35
Q

Thyroid hormone effect on heart muscle strength(increasing it) is depressed with marked increase in thyroid hormone

T/F

A

T

36
Q

Specific functions of thyroid hormones

respiration
-___ease rate and depth of respiration

A

incr

37
Q

Specific functions of thyroid hormones

GIT

  • ______ appetite leading to _____ food intake
  • ____ eased secretion of digestive juices
  • ____eased gastric motility that can lead to ____ is in excess
A

enhanced

increased

incr

incr

diarrhea

38
Q

Specific functions of thyroid hormones

CNS
-excess causes extreme ____ and ____ and ____

A

nervousness

anxiety

Worry

39
Q

Specific functions of thyroid hormones

Muscles

  • slight ____ in thyroid hormones leads to the hormone reacting with vigor
  • muscle becomes ____ due to ____ protein catabolism
A

increase

weakened

excess

40
Q

Specific functions of thyroid hormones

Sleep
-(easy or difficult?) to sleep

A

difficult

41
Q

Specific functions of thyroid hormones

other endocrine glands
- ___eases the rate of secretion of most other endocrine glands

A

increases

42
Q

Excess thyroid hormone can cause fine muscle tremor

T/F

A

T

43
Q

Specific functions of thyroid hormones

effect on sexual function
-in men, lack of thyroid hormone leads to ____ of libido and excess can lead to _____

  • in women, lack of thyroid hormones lead to __________ ,_____ period and occasionally ____
  • excess in women causes ______ and ______
A

loss

impotence

excessive and frequent menstrual bleeding

irregular; amenorrhea

greatly reduced bleeding and amenorrhea

44
Q

Infantile form of hypothyroidism is _____

  • adult form of hypothyroidism is _____
  • hypersecretion of Thyroid hormone causes _____ or ______
A

cretinism

myxedema

grave’s disease

toxic goiter

45
Q

Grave’s disease

-characterized by _____ circulating levels of TSI

A

increased

46
Q

Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disorder

T/F

A

T

47
Q

In grave’s disease

TSI are _____ to TSH receptors on thyroid follicular cells

And when present , the TSI intensely ____ the thyroid gland resulting in __eased secretion of thyroid hormone and ___trophy of the gland

A

antibodies

Stimulate

incr

hyper

48
Q

The follicular epithelial cells are arranged in circular follicles ____ µm in diameter

A

200– 300

49
Q

_______ converts T4 to T3

A

5′-iodinase

50
Q

Thyroid hormone secretion is in a pulsatile manner

T/F

A

F

It’s steady

51
Q

Obesity increases the conversion of T4 to rT3

T/F

A

F

To T3

52
Q

pregnancy decrease the conversion of T4 to T3

T/F

A

T

53
Q

fasting increase the conversion of T4 to T3

T/F

A

F

Decr

54
Q

stress increase the conversion of T4 to T3

T/F

A

F

Decreas

55
Q

hepatic and renal failure decrease the conversion of T4 to T3
T/F

A

T

56
Q

Thyroid hormones increase oxygen consumption in all tissues except ____,____,____

A

brain, gonads, and spleen

57
Q

Thyroid hormones increase both protein synthesis and degradation, but overall their effect is _____

A

catabolic

58
Q

In adults, hypothyroidism causes ____ness, (rapid or slowed?) movement, somnolence, (intact or impaired?) memory, and ___eased mental capacity.

Hyperthyroidism causes ____excitability, _____reflexia, and irritability.

A

listless

slowed

impaired

Decr

Hyper; hyper

59
Q

if the cause of hyperthyroidism is increased secretion of TRH or TSH then TSH levels will be ____eased.

A

Incr

60
Q

Treatment of hypothyroidism involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy, usually T__

A

4

61
Q

r. TSH-secreting tumors are an (common or uncommon?) cause of hyperthyroidism.

A

Uncommon

62
Q

Autoimmune thyroiditis is a common cause of hypothyroidism, in which thyroid hormone synthesis is impaired by _____ to _____, leading to decreased T4 and T3 secretion.

A

antibodies

peroxidase

63
Q

Autoimmune thyroiditis causes goiter

T/F

A

T

Phg 204 (9 decks)

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