Female Reproductive Flashcards
1
Q
Cyclic changes: menstrual cycle
- Averages ___ days
- Complex interplay between hormones and organs: at level of ___,___, and ____
A
28
brain, ovaries and uterus
2
Q
The female gonad is the ___ and it produces ova and secretes female sex steroids oestrogens (particularly ____ ),_______ .
A
Ovary
estradiol
progesterone
3
Q
Ovaries are (loosely or tightly?) enfolded in the fond-like \_\_\_\_ which guide ova into the fallopian or uterine, or tubes -These are connected to the uterus which opens through the \_\_\_\_ into the \_\_\_\_\_ below.
A
Loosely
fimbriae
cervix
vagina
4
Q
the ovaries
- (Paired or unpaired?)
- _____ shaped
- flanking the uterus in ____ wall of ( true or false?) pelvis
A
Paired
almond
lateral; true
5
Q
Ovaries dimensions
__ x __ x _ cm in size
A
3
1.5
1
6
Q
Ovaries are ___peritoneal , but surrounded by peritoneal cavity
-Held in place by mesentery and ligaments : ___ ligament, ____ ligament of the ovary ,____ ligament
A
retro
Broad; suspensory; Ovarian
7
Q
Innervation of ovary is only Sympathetic
T/F
A
F
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
8
Q
Structure of ovary
- Fibrous capsule is called ______
- _______ houses developing gametes the within follicles oocytes
- ______ is loose connective tissue with largest vessels and nerves
A
tunica albuginea
Outer cortex
Inner medulla
9
Q
Fallopian (uterine) tubes, AKA oviducts
- ______ (fingers) pick up egg
- ______ and _____ propel egg to uterus
- Empties into _____ part of uterus
A
Fimbriae
superior
10
Q
The Uterus (womb)
- In pelvis ____ to rectum and _____ to bladder
- Uterus is ___ shaped (before babies)
- Usually ______verted, can be ____verted
A
anterior
posterosuperior
pear
anteverted
Retroverted
11
Q
Uterus
Hollow or not?
(Thin or thick?) walled organ
A
Hollow
thick
12
Q
Cavity of uterus
-(small or large?) (except in pregnancy)
A
Small
13
Q
Cervix
- (weak or Tough?) , (fibrous or serous?) ring
- its (superior or Inferior?) tip projects into vagina
A
Tough
Fibrous
Inferior
14
Q
Cervix Produces ____
A
mucus
15
Q
The Uterine Wall
- Three basic layers
- ___metrium : outer (fibrous or serous?) membrane
- ___metrium : middle muscle
- ____metrium: inner mucosal lining
A
Peri
Serous
Myo
Endo
16
Q
Uterine supports
- ___metrium (largest division of broad lig) main support
- ______ ligament
- _____ ligament (Prolapse)
A
Meso
Cardinal
Round
17
Q
The Vagina
- (Thin or thick ?) -walled tube
- (superior or Inferior?) to uterus
- (Anterior or Posterior?) to rectum
- (anterior or Posterior?) to urethra & bladder
- aka “__________ ”
- Highly distensible wall
- wall has 3 layers : _____,____,____
A
Thin
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
Birth canal
Adventitia, Muscularis, mucosa
18
Q
External female genitalia
-aka ____ or ____
A
vulva
pudendum
19
Q
Mons pubis :
-its a ______ over _______ , with ___ after puberty
A
fatty pad
pubic symphysis
Hair
20
Q
Labia (lips) majora :
-__________ covered skin folds
Labia minora :
-(thin or thick?), (hair or hairless?) , folds enclosing ______
A
long fatty hair
Thin
Hairless
vestibule
21
Q
Vestibule
-houses (internal or external?) openings of _____ and ____
Clitoris
- (anterior or posterior?)
- homolog of ____
- sensitive erectile tissue
Perineum
-_______ shaped region
A
External
urethra and vagina
Anterior
penis
diamond
22
Q
In the vestibule
Urethra is (anterior or posterior?) (drains urine from bladder) -Baby comes out through \_\_\_\_
A
anterior
vagina
23
Q
Mammary glands (breasts) -Modified \_\_\_\_\_
- Produce ___ to nourish baby
- Respond to ____ stimulation
- Lymph drains into ______ and ______ lymph nodes
- Nipple surrounded by pigmented ring of skin, the ____
- Muscles underneath: _______,_____, parts of _________ and ______
A
sweat glands
milk
hormonal
parasternal and axillalry
areola
pectoralis major, pectoralis minor
serratus anterior and external oblique
24
Q
Mammary glands consist of __-___ lobes
- Each lobe is a distinct ________ gland opening at the nipple
- lobes are Separated by ____ and _______ ligaments
A
15-25
compound alveolar
adipose and suspensory
25
Smaller lobules of the breast composed of tiny ___ and ____ , Like bunches of grapes
-Walls: the acini is ____ epithelium of milk-secreting cells
alveoli or acini
simple cuboidal
26
acini of the breast Don’t develop until _________ while the ducts grow during ____
halfway through pregnancy
puberty
27
Milk passes from ____ through progressively larger ducts
-Largest duct is ____ ducts, collect milk into ——
alveoli
sinuses
28
Oogenesis (Generation of eggs)
(1) Starts in ____ period
- No more oocytes made after about ___ month “
- Developed only to (early or late?) stage of _____ by birth and stops (called ____ oocyte)
fetal
7th
Early
meiosis I
primary
29
Oognesis
2) ___ to ___ primordial oocytes each cycle selected to develop for ovulation (most ___)
- Only then is ______ completed and called ____ oocyte which is then arrested in _____
6 to 12
die
meiosis I
Secondary
meiosis II
30
Oogenesis
(3)Meiosis II not completed (now an ovum ) unless _____ penetrates its plasma membrane
sperm
31
Oogenesis
| 4) Of the ___ daughter cells, _____ becomes ovum (needs a lot of ______
- The other 3 become “_____”
4
only one
cytoplasm
polar bodies
32
OVARIAN HORMONES
(1) Estrogen
- secreted by _____
- ______ and ____cells)
- the _____
- ____
(2) Progesterone
- secreted by the ______
- _____
(3) Inhibin
- secreted by _______ (_____ cells)
(4) Relaxin
- secreted by the _____
ovarian follicles
granulosa & theca interna
corpus luteum
placenta
corpus luteum; placenta
ovarian follicles; granulosa
corpus luteum
33
Whose level is higher, estrone or estradiol’s after menopause
Estrone levels exceed estradiol postmenopausally
34
_____ and _____ : most of the circulating estrogen in nonpregnant state during the reproductive years
Estradiol
estrone
35
Placenta estr___ becomes important during pregnancy
adiol
36
Estrogens: Promote ____ cell proliferation in response to FSH
granulosa
37
estrogen is Responsible for the development of some female secondary sex characteristics at puberty especially fat accumulation in the subcutaneous tissues, round the ____ and in the ____.
hips
breasts
38
estrogen Promote conditions necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy after implantation.
T/F
T
39
estrogen promote further ___ development during pregnancy by stimulating ___ growth.
Breast
Duct
40
Progesterone: Promotes conditions necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy
T/F
T
41
progesterone Promotes breast development only during pregnancy
T/F
F
progesterone Promotes breast development both at puberty and during pregnancy
42
progesterone Promotes breast development both at puberty and during pregnancy by stimulating the formation of the _____
secretory tubules.
43
FUNCTIONS OF ESTROGEN
- ____ of fallopian tubes
- ____ease uterine blood flow/muscle/contractile proteins
motility
Incr
44
Estrogen Increase ____ sensitivity to _____ that increases Uterine muscle activity & excitability
uterine receptor
oxytocin
45
Estrogen aids Breast enlargement (increased ____ growth and ______)
duct
areola pigmentation
46
Estrogen aids Bone ___ (_____)
- Salt & water _____
- ___ease Plasma cholesterol
- ____ease Osteoclast responsiveness to PTH thus preventing _____
fusion
epiphyseal closure
retention
Decr
Decr
osteoporosis
47
FEMALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
-Enlargement of breasts, uterus, vagina
T/F
- Development of body configuration: fat distribution, (narrow or wide?) shoulders, (broad or narrow ?)?hips, __verging thighs/ __verging arms
- development of more ___ hair/less ___ hair, axillary hair, pubic hair with female ____
T
Narrow
Broad
con
Di
scalp
body
escutcheon
48
FUNCTIONS OF PROGESTERONE
- Uterus _____ activity -___ease no of estrogen receptors, ________ effect on myometrial cells activity
- ____eased Excitability and sensitivity to oxytocin
- Fallopian tubes ____ activity
- Cervix secretion of ______
- Breasts enlargement (_____ and _____ )
secretory
Decr
anti estrogenic
Decr
secretory
thick mucus
lobules & alveoli
49
Progesterone function
Thermogenic ovulation:____ (BBT), used as an indicator of ____
basal body temp.
ovulation
50
FUNCTIONS OF INHIBIN/RELAXIN
- Inhibin inhibits ____ secretion
- Relaxin (reduces or increases ?) uterine excitability , relaxes pelvic joints, ____ and _____ cervix (thus facilitates delivery)
FSH
Reduces
softens & dilates
51
THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
- Cyclic changes in ovary ( _______ CYCLE) and endometrium(_____ /______CYCLE)
- Length of cycle is average of ___ days
- Most conspicuous feature is ______
OVARIAN
ENDOMETRIAL/UTERINE
28
menstrual bleeding
52
1st day of menstrual bleeding = ___ day of cycle
1st
53
ovarian cycle runs unconcurrently with the uterine cycle
| T/F
F
54
OVARIAN CYCLE
Follicular phase
- _____ of follicles
- ________ secretion by follicles
- days __-___
Ovulation
- ______ of ovum (oocyte) by the mature follicle
- around day ____
Luteal phase
-formation of ____ that secretes ____ & ____ and regresses if ovum not fertilised causing ____eased E2, P plus ___eased FSH, LH
growth
E2(estradiol)
1-14
14
corpus luteum
E2(estradiol); Progesterone
Decr
Incr
55
SUMMARY OF FOLLICULAR PHASE
- Several follicles begin to develop from day _
- A dominant follicle emerges around day ___
- Dominant follicle secretes more ___ than other developing follicles & so continues to ___ while others ___
1
6
estrogen
grow
regress
56
____ is necessary for initial follicular growth
________ and. _____ are together responsible for their final maturation
FSH
FSH & LH
57
OVULATION (day 14)
| -Elevated levels of ___ initiate a burst of ___ secretion between days ___ and ___
Estradiol
LH
11 & 14
58
LH surge causes ____ & ______ of ______ (formation of _____)
ovulation
luteinization of ruptured follicle
corpus luteum
59
Follicular rupture is due to __________ with the aid of ____ and ____
proteolytic enzyme digestion
progesterone & prostaglandins
60
Normally only __ ovum is released per cycle
1
61
SUMMARY OF LUTEAL PHASE
-Ruptured follicle fills with ___ (____________)
-Follicular cells accumulate ____ish ___-rich contents (luteal cells)
blood
corpus hemorrhagicum
yellow; lipid
62
Luteal cells secrete ____ and ___
E2
P
63
With pregnancy, corpus luteum ___, if no pregnancy corpus luteum begins to ____ around day __ causing __eased E2, and P plus ___eased FSH and LH & begins a new cycle
persists
degenerate
24
Incr
Incr
64
HORMONAL ACTIVITIES DURING THE MENSTRUAL cycle
- FSH level begins to ___ at beginning of cycle, stimulating ___ growth & ___ secretion.
- LH level ___ also at this time.
rise
follicular
E2
rises
65
In menstrual cycle
As E2 rises it ___ FSH but ____ LH secretion causing ____ =ovulation
inhibits
enhances
LH surge
66
LH surge depends on sustained high E2 level
T/F
T
67
Progesterone level is low in _____ of the cycle
E2 level is highest (before or after ?) ovulation
-Progesterone & E2 secretion after ovulation is from the _____; E2 inhibits ___, P inhibits ___
first half
Before
corpus luteum
FSH
LH
68
Withdrawal of E2 & P at end of luteal phase leads to increased
____,____
FSH, LH
69
UTERINE (ENDOMETRIAL) CYCLE
(1) Proliferative phase
- ___ from ovary causes ____ of ____ via cell proliferation & growth of ___ (endometrial regrowth)
- (days __-__)
E2
thickening of endometrium
Proliferation; glands
5-14
70
UTERINE (ENDOMETRIAL) CYCLE
Secretory phase
- Progesterone from corpus luteum makes endometrial glands ____
- Estradiol from corpus luteum causes _____
- (days __-__)
secretory
endometrial vascularization
14-28
71
UTERINE (ENDOMETRIAL) CYCLE
Menstrual Phase
- corpus luteum _____ (days __-___)
- (loss or gain?) of E2 & P causes ___ of endometrium + arterial wall _____
regression
1-5
Loss
necrosis
degenerate
72
local prostaglandins cause ____, vascular ____
Vasospasm
rupture
73
menstrual bleeding
_-_ml
___% arterial
_____ that dissolves blood clots
30-80
80
fibrinolysin
74
Rhythm method
– avoid fertile period of menstrual cycle (around ovulation day __-___ — days)
Steroidal contraception
– use of ___________ and ____________
+ or – 3
sex steroids estrogen and progesterone
75
STEROIDAL CONTRACEPTIVES FOR WOMEN
-Components are ____ and ____ ; ___eased Progesterone only
estradiol and progesterone
Decr
76
Underlying principles:
- reduces Ovulation by inhibitory effects of _____ on _____ and ____
- decreases follicular growth by inhibitory effects of __ on ____
progesterone
pituitary & hypothalamus
E2; pituitary
77
progesterone causes secretion of thick cervical ____ that ___eases sperm penetration & ___ embryo implantation
mucus
Decr
inhibits
78
USE OF COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
- COC (E2 &P) PILL
- __days + __ days break (orally) leads to inhibition of endogenous FSH & LH -follicular growth and ovarian estradiol ovulation is ____
21
7
reduced
79
Exogenous COC hormones ____ and ____ endometrial lining
-COC withdrawal (during 7 days break) leads to endometrial ____ which leads to withdrawal of bleeding (simulates ______)
develop & maintain
breakdown
menstruation
80
PROGESTERONE/ PROGESTOGENS ONLY (POP)
- POP pill
- Depot i.m injection (__ months contraception)
- Subdermal implants (> __yrs contraception)
- Intrauterine device:
* _____ cervical mucus (decrease sperm penetration)
* _____ endometrial development & embryo implantation.
* ____ ovulation by ____ LH
2-3
2
thickens
inhibits
inhibits
inhibiting
81
MENOPAUSE (Age __-___)
-__________ are used up
-Existing follicles are ______ to ____ and ___
-Sexual cycles ___/ menstruation ___
-_____ secretion of E2 & P ; ____ secretion of FSH & LH
45 – 55
Ovarian primordial follicles
unresponsive to FSH & LH
cease; stops
Little
high
82
COMPLICATIONS OF MENOPAUSE DUE TO LOSS OF ESTROGEN
- ____ and _____ of genital tract
- Hot flushes (cutaneous vaso____ with ____)
Treatment –
- __________ therapy)
- _______ therapy)
Dryness & atrophy
dilation; sweating
E2(estrogen replacement
E2,P (hormone replacement
83
COMPLICATIONS OF MENOPAUSE DUE TO LOSS OF ESTROGEN
Sudden osteoporosis
T/F
F
Gradual osteoporosis
84
THE MALE SEXUAL ACT (COITUS)
-
-Erection is a _____pathetic response that causes ___ of penile arterioles + ____ of penile veins leading to elongation & hardening of penis
-Ejaculation – 2-part spinal sympathetic response (_______ and ______)
Parasympathetic
dilation; compression
emission & ejaculation proper
85
EJACULATION
- Emission – (relaxation or contraction?) of ____/ semen propelled to ____
- Ejaculation proper – (contraction or relaxation?) of _____ / propulsion of semen out of ____
Contraction of internal genitalia
urethra
Contraction
erectile tissue
urethra
86
PREGNANCY
-Developing embryo (blastocyst) becomes surrounded by 2 layers of trophoblastic cells
inner layer –_________ and outer layer –_______
cytotrophoblasts
syncytiotrophoblasts
87
Syncytiotrophoblasts burrow into ____ (implantation, __-___days after fertilization) & placenta begins to form
endometrium
3-6
88
FERTILIZATION OF OVUM (OOCYTE)
- ovum viability after ovulation is ___ -___
- sperm viability in female genital tract is ___-___
- Adherence of sperm to zona pellucida
- Fusion of membranes of sperm head & ovum
- Sperm genetic material enters ovum
12 – 24 hrs
24 – 48 hrs
89
Fate of corpus luteum
- Enlarges & actively secretes ___ and ___
- Maintained by ___ from the ____ & later from ____
E2 & P
hCG
syncytiotrophoblasts
placenta
90
Corpus luteum Persists throughout pregnancy
T/F
T
91
Placenta fully formed by _-__ wks after conception.
| -Functions – nutritive, excretory, respiratory, endocrine
7-8
92
ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS OF PLACENTA
- ___(____ _____ ____)
- ___(___ _____ _____ ) or ___ (____ ___ ___)
- ___
- ______
HCG human chorionic gonadotropin
HCS human chorionic somatomammotropin
HPL human placental lactogen
Estrogen
Progesterone
93
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
- ___-like activity
- sustains corpus luteum secretion of ____ and ___
- stimulates fetal testicular secretion of ____
- peak level around __-___ wk of pregnancy
- basis of pregnancy tests (detected in urine by ___ days after conception)
LH
E2 & P
Testosterone
10th-12th
14
94
hCG is necessary for genital tract differentiation
T/F
T
95
hCS (human chorionic somatomammotropin )
- Also called _____
- (small or large?) growth-promoting activity (in mother)
- ___eased glucose utilization by mother
- increased lipo____
- acts as insulin ____gonist/__ of pregnancy
hPL (human placental lactogen)
Small
Decr
lysis
anta; GH
96
hCS causes ___, __+, __++ retention
N2
K
Ca
97
```
ESTROGEN
-____eases uterine musculature
-___eases uterine contractile proteins
-___eases no. of oxytocin receptors
-_____ growth of breast ductal system
-causes _____ retention
```
Incr
Incr
Incr
stimulates
salt & water
98
PROGESTERONE
- Endometrial ___ of embryo
- ____ uterine contractility
- breast development (via ____ and ____)
- ____eases rate of maternal ventilation
nutrition
prevents
lobules & alveoli
Incr
99
Relaxin
- From _____
- \___ pelvic joints (facilitates ____ )
- ____ and ____ cervix (facilitates delivery)
- ______ uterine contractility (before term)
corpus luteum
Relaxes
delivery
Softens & dilates
reduces
100
PROLACTIN
-Stimulates lactogenic apparatus of the breast
T/F
T
101
MATERNAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PREGNANCY
- Respiratory system - ___ease in ventilation
- Water/electrolytes - ___ease in total body water (hydration)
- NaCl ____ (to maintain normal osmolality)
- Circulatory system -___eases C.O, blood vol, H.R
- blood dilution ___eases haemoglobin conc (anaemia)
- Urinary system -___eases GFR, blood flow/(constriction or dilation ?) of ureters and frequency in (early or late?) pregnancy because the bladder is compressed by ___
Incr
Incr
retention
Incr
Decr
Incr
dilation
Late
uterus
102
MATERNAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PREGNANCY
G.I system- ___ease in smooth muscle tone( sphincters)
- Metabolism - ___eased metabolic rate
- Uterus – ____ and _____ abdominal organs upwards
Decr
Incr
enlarges & displaces
103
LACTATION (MILK SECRETION / LACTOPOIESIS)
Breast development during pregnancy
- E2*, P*, Prolactin*, Insulin, cortisol (develop _____ cells into ______ cells)
-**Prolactin , the principal hormone involved in milk synthesis
Alveolar
active milk-secreting
104
LACTATION (MILK SECRETION / LACTOPOIESIS)
Breast development during pregnancy
T/F
T
105
______, the principal hormone involved in milk synthesis
Prolactin
106
```
Lactation
-has 3 parts
~_____ (lactogenesis)
________
~______
```
initiation
Maintenance of lactation
milk ejection
107
Initiation of lactogenesis
- E2 & P ____ full lactation in pregnancy (E2 & P ____ prolactin action)
- presence of ___
- ___ease in E2 & P at parturition
inhibit
inhibit
PRL
Decr
108
Maintenance of lactation
- _______ reflex
- Stimulus is____ -impulses go to ____ to reduce levels of ___ and increase ___
neuroendocrine
suckling
hypothalamus
PIH
PRL
109
Milk ejection
-_______ reflex
– stimulus is ___
– impulses reach the hypothalamus (___eased oxytocin)
neuro-endocrine
suckling
Incr
110
Oxytocin stimulates the ____ of myoepithelial cells that leads to Milk ejection from ___ nipple
contraction
alveoli
111
Prolactin during lactation ____ menstrual cycle by ____ hormonal secretion by ovary/ pituitary/ hypothalamus
suppresses
inhibiting
112
HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA
- ____ blood levels of PRL
- Associated with menstrual cycle disturbances & infertility/ libido / impotence
- Major cause –_____
- Leads to _______ (excessive/non-physiologic secretion of milk)
- Treatment – _____ agonists PRL
Elevated
pituitary tumors
galactorrhea
dopamine
