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Phg 204 > Female Reproductive > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Cyclic changes: menstrual cycle

  • Averages ___ days
  • Complex interplay between hormones and organs: at level of ___,___, and ____
A

28

brain, ovaries and uterus

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2
Q

The female gonad is the ___ and it produces ova and secretes female sex steroids oestrogens (particularly ____ ),_______ .

A

Ovary

estradiol

progesterone

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3
Q 
Ovaries are (loosely or tightly?) enfolded  in  the  fond-like \_\_\_\_ which  guide  ova into  the fallopian  or uterine,  or tubes
-These are connected  to the  uterus  which  opens through  the  \_\_\_\_ into  the  \_\_\_\_\_ below.
A

Loosely

fimbriae

cervix

vagina

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4
Q

the ovaries

  • (Paired or unpaired?)
  • _____ shaped
  • flanking the uterus in ____ wall of ( true or false?) pelvis
A

Paired

almond

lateral; true

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5
Q

Ovaries dimensions

__ x __ x _ cm in size

A

3

1.5

1

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6
Q

Ovaries are ___peritoneal , but surrounded by peritoneal cavity
-Held in place by mesentery and ligaments : ___ ligament, ____ ligament of the ovary ,____ ligament

A

retro

Broad; suspensory; Ovarian

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7
Q

Innervation of ovary is only Sympathetic

T/F

A

F

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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8
Q

Structure of ovary

  • Fibrous capsule is called ______
  • _______ houses developing gametes the within follicles oocytes
  • ______ is loose connective tissue with largest vessels and nerves
A

tunica albuginea

Outer cortex

Inner medulla

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9
Q

Fallopian (uterine) tubes, AKA oviducts

  • ______ (fingers) pick up egg
  • ______ and _____ propel egg to uterus
  • Empties into _____ part of uterus
A

Fimbriae

superior

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10
Q

The Uterus (womb)

  • In pelvis ____ to rectum and _____ to bladder
  • Uterus is ___ shaped (before babies)
  • Usually ______verted, can be ____verted
A

anterior

posterosuperior

pear

anteverted

Retroverted

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11
Q

Uterus

Hollow or not?

(Thin or thick?) walled organ

A

Hollow

thick

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12
Q

Cavity of uterus

-(small or large?) (except in pregnancy)

A

Small

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13
Q

Cervix

  • (weak or Tough?) , (fibrous or serous?) ring
  • its (superior or Inferior?) tip projects into vagina
A

Tough

Fibrous

Inferior

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14
Q

Cervix Produces ____

A

mucus

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15
Q

The Uterine Wall

  • Three basic layers
  • ___metrium : outer (fibrous or serous?) membrane
  • ___metrium : middle muscle
  • ____metrium: inner mucosal lining
A

Peri
Serous

Myo

Endo

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16
Q

Uterine supports

  • ___metrium (largest division of broad lig) main support
  • ______ ligament
  • _____ ligament (Prolapse)
A

Meso

Cardinal

Round

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17
Q

The Vagina

  • (Thin or thick ?) -walled tube
  • (superior or Inferior?) to uterus
  • (Anterior or Posterior?) to rectum
  • (anterior or Posterior?) to urethra & bladder
  • aka “__________ ”
  • Highly distensible wall
  • wall has 3 layers : _____,____,____
A

Thin

Inferior

Anterior

Posterior

Birth canal

Adventitia, Muscularis, mucosa

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18
Q

External female genitalia

-aka ____ or ____

A

vulva

pudendum

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19
Q

Mons pubis :

-its a ______ over _______ , with ___ after puberty

A

fatty pad

pubic symphysis

Hair

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20
Q

Labia (lips) majora :
-__________ covered skin folds

Labia minora :
-(thin or thick?), (hair or hairless?) , folds enclosing ______

A

long fatty hair

Thin
Hairless

vestibule

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21
Q

Vestibule
-houses (internal or external?) openings of _____ and ____

Clitoris

  • (anterior or posterior?)
  • homolog of ____
  • sensitive erectile tissue

Perineum
-_______ shaped region

A

External

urethra and vagina

Anterior

penis

diamond

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22
Q

In the vestibule

Urethra  is (anterior or posterior?) (drains  urine  from  bladder)
-Baby comes  out  through \_\_\_\_
A

anterior

vagina

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23
Q 
Mammary glands (breasts)
-Modified \_\_\_\_\_
  • Produce ___ to nourish baby
  • Respond to ____ stimulation
  • Lymph drains into ______ and ______ lymph nodes
  • Nipple surrounded by pigmented ring of skin, the ____
  • Muscles underneath: _______,_____, parts of _________ and ______
A

sweat glands

milk

hormonal

parasternal and axillalry

areola

pectoralis major, pectoralis minor

serratus anterior and external oblique

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24
Q

Mammary glands consist of __-___ lobes

  • Each lobe is a distinct ________ gland opening at the nipple
  • lobes are Separated by ____ and _______ ligaments
A

15-25

compound alveolar

adipose and suspensory

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25
Q

Smaller lobules of the breast composed of tiny ___ and ____ , Like bunches of grapes
-Walls: the acini is ____ epithelium of milk-secreting cells

A

alveoli or acini

simple cuboidal

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26
Q

acini of the breast Don’t develop until _________ while the ducts grow during ____

A

halfway through pregnancy

puberty

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27
Q

Milk passes from ____ through progressively larger ducts
-Largest duct is ____ ducts, collect milk into ——

A

alveoli

sinuses

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28
Q

Oogenesis (Generation of eggs)

(1) Starts in ____ period
- No more oocytes made after about ___ month “
- Developed only to (early or late?) stage of _____ by birth and stops (called ____ oocyte)

A

fetal

7th

Early

meiosis I

primary

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29
Q

Oognesis

2) ___ to ___ primordial oocytes each cycle selected to develop for ovulation (most ___)
- Only then is ______ completed and called ____ oocyte which is then arrested in _____

A

6 to 12

die

meiosis I

Secondary

meiosis II

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30
Q

Oogenesis

(3)Meiosis II not completed (now an ovum ) unless _____ penetrates its plasma membrane

A

sperm

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31
Q

Oogenesis

4) Of the ___ daughter cells, _____ becomes ovum (needs a lot of ______
- The other 3 become “_____”

A

4

only one

cytoplasm

polar bodies

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32
Q

OVARIAN HORMONES

(1) Estrogen
- secreted by _____
- ______ and ____cells)
- the _____
- ____

(2) Progesterone
- secreted by the ______
- _____

(3) Inhibin
- secreted by _______ (_____ cells)

(4) Relaxin
- secreted by the _____

A

ovarian follicles

granulosa & theca interna

corpus luteum

placenta

corpus luteum; placenta

ovarian follicles; granulosa

corpus luteum

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33
Q

Whose level is higher, estrone or estradiol’s after menopause

A

Estrone levels exceed estradiol postmenopausally

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34
Q

_____ and _____ : most of the circulating estrogen in nonpregnant state during the reproductive years

A

Estradiol

estrone

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35
Q

Placenta estr___ becomes important during pregnancy

A

adiol

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36
Q

Estrogens: Promote ____ cell proliferation in response to FSH

A

granulosa

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37
Q

estrogen is Responsible for the development of some female secondary sex characteristics at puberty especially fat accumulation in the subcutaneous tissues, round the ____ and in the ____.

A

hips

breasts

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38
Q

estrogen Promote conditions necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy after implantation.
T/F

A

T

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39
Q

estrogen promote further ___ development during pregnancy by stimulating ___ growth.

A

Breast

Duct

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40
Q

Progesterone: Promotes conditions necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy
T/F

A

T

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41
Q

progesterone Promotes breast development only during pregnancy
T/F

A

F

progesterone Promotes breast development both at puberty and during pregnancy

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42
Q

progesterone Promotes breast development both at puberty and during pregnancy by stimulating the formation of the _____

A

secretory tubules.

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43
Q

FUNCTIONS OF ESTROGEN

  • ____ of fallopian tubes
  • ____ease uterine blood flow/muscle/contractile proteins
A

motility

Incr

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44
Q

Estrogen Increase ____ sensitivity to _____ that increases Uterine muscle activity & excitability

A

uterine receptor

oxytocin

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45
Q

Estrogen aids Breast enlargement (increased ____ growth and ______)

A

duct

areola pigmentation

46
Q

Estrogen aids Bone ___ (_____)

  • Salt & water _____
  • ___ease Plasma cholesterol
  • ____ease Osteoclast responsiveness to PTH thus preventing _____
A

fusion

epiphyseal closure

retention

Decr

Decr

osteoporosis

47
Q

FEMALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
-Enlargement of breasts, uterus, vagina
T/F

  • Development of body configuration: fat distribution, (narrow or wide?) shoulders, (broad or narrow ?)?hips, __verging thighs/ __verging arms
  • development of more ___ hair/less ___ hair, axillary hair, pubic hair with female ____
A

T

Narrow

Broad

con
Di

scalp

body

escutcheon

48
Q

FUNCTIONS OF PROGESTERONE

  • Uterus _____ activity -___ease no of estrogen receptors, ________ effect on myometrial cells activity
  • ____eased Excitability and sensitivity to oxytocin
  • Fallopian tubes ____ activity
  • Cervix secretion of ______
  • Breasts enlargement (_____ and _____ )
A

secretory

Decr

anti estrogenic

Decr

secretory

thick mucus

lobules & alveoli

49
Q

Progesterone function

Thermogenic ovulation:____ (BBT), used as an indicator of ____

A

basal body temp.

ovulation

50
Q

FUNCTIONS OF INHIBIN/RELAXIN

  • Inhibin inhibits ____ secretion
  • Relaxin (reduces or increases ?) uterine excitability , relaxes pelvic joints, ____ and _____ cervix (thus facilitates delivery)
A

FSH

Reduces

softens & dilates

51
Q

THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

  • Cyclic changes in ovary ( _______ CYCLE) and endometrium(_____ /______CYCLE)
  • Length of cycle is average of ___ days
  • Most conspicuous feature is ______
A

OVARIAN

ENDOMETRIAL/UTERINE

28

menstrual bleeding

52
Q

1st day of menstrual bleeding = ___ day of cycle

53
Q

ovarian cycle runs unconcurrently with the uterine cycle

T/F

54
Q

OVARIAN CYCLE

Follicular phase

  • _____ of follicles
  • ________ secretion by follicles
  • days __-___

Ovulation

  • ______ of ovum (oocyte) by the mature follicle
  • around day ____

Luteal phase
-formation of ____ that secretes ____ & ____ and regresses if ovum not fertilised causing ____eased E2, P plus ___eased FSH, LH

A

growth

E2(estradiol)

1-14

14

corpus luteum

E2(estradiol); Progesterone

Decr

Incr

55
Q

SUMMARY OF FOLLICULAR PHASE

  • Several follicles begin to develop from day _
  • A dominant follicle emerges around day ___
  • Dominant follicle secretes more ___ than other developing follicles & so continues to ___ while others ___
A

1

6

estrogen

grow

regress

56
Q

____ is necessary for initial follicular growth

________ and. _____ are together responsible for their final maturation

A

FSH

FSH & LH

57
Q

OVULATION (day 14)

-Elevated levels of ___ initiate a burst of ___ secretion between days ___ and ___

A

Estradiol

LH

11 & 14

58
Q

LH surge causes ____ & ______ of ______ (formation of _____)

A

ovulation

luteinization of ruptured follicle

corpus luteum

59
Q

Follicular rupture is due to __________ with the aid of ____ and ____

A

proteolytic enzyme digestion

progesterone & prostaglandins

60
Q

Normally only __ ovum is released per cycle

61
Q

SUMMARY OF LUTEAL PHASE
-Ruptured follicle fills with ___ (____________)

-Follicular cells accumulate ____ish ___-rich contents (luteal cells)

A

blood

corpus hemorrhagicum

yellow; lipid

62
Q

Luteal cells secrete ____ and ___

63
Q

With pregnancy, corpus luteum ___, if no pregnancy corpus luteum begins to ____ around day __ causing __eased E2, and P plus ___eased FSH and LH & begins a new cycle

A

persists

degenerate

24

Incr

Incr

64
Q

HORMONAL ACTIVITIES DURING THE MENSTRUAL cycle

  • FSH level begins to ___ at beginning of cycle, stimulating ___ growth & ___ secretion.
  • LH level ___ also at this time.
A

rise

follicular

E2

rises

65
Q

In menstrual cycle

As E2 rises it ___ FSH but ____ LH secretion causing ____=ovulation

A

inhibits

enhances

LH surge

66
Q

LH surge depends on sustained high E2 level

T/F

67
Q

Progesterone level is low in _____ of the cycle

E2 level is highest (before or after ?) ovulation

-Progesterone & E2 secretion after ovulation is from the _____; E2 inhibits ___, P inhibits ___

A

first half

Before

corpus luteum

FSH

LH

68
Q

Withdrawal of E2 & P at end of luteal phase leads to increased

____,____

69
Q

UTERINE (ENDOMETRIAL) CYCLE

(1) Proliferative phase
- ___ from ovary causes ____ of ____ via cell proliferation & growth of ___ (endometrial regrowth)
- (days __-__)

A

E2

thickening of endometrium

Proliferation; glands

5-14

70
Q

UTERINE (ENDOMETRIAL) CYCLE

Secretory phase

  • Progesterone from corpus luteum makes endometrial glands ____
  • Estradiol from corpus luteum causes _____
  • (days __-__)
A

secretory

endometrial vascularization

14-28

71
Q

UTERINE (ENDOMETRIAL) CYCLE

Menstrual Phase

  • corpus luteum _____ (days __-___)
  • (loss or gain?) of E2 & P causes ___ of endometrium + arterial wall _____
A

regression

1-5

Loss

necrosis

degenerate

72
Q

local prostaglandins cause ____, vascular ____

A

Vasospasm

rupture

73
Q

menstrual bleeding
_-_ml
___% arterial

_____ that dissolves blood clots

A

30-80

80

fibrinolysin

74
Q

Rhythm method
– avoid fertile period of menstrual cycle (around ovulation day __-___ — days)

Steroidal contraception
– use of ___________ and ____________

A

+ or – 3

sex steroids estrogen and progesterone

75
Q

STEROIDAL CONTRACEPTIVES FOR WOMEN

-Components are ____ and ____ ; ___eased Progesterone only

A

estradiol and progesterone

Decr

76
Q

Underlying principles:

  • reduces Ovulation by inhibitory effects of _____ on _____ and ____
  • decreases follicular growth by inhibitory effects of __ on ____
A

progesterone

pituitary & hypothalamus

E2; pituitary

77
Q

progesterone causes secretion of thick cervical ____ that ___eases sperm penetration & ___ embryo implantation

A

mucus

Decr

inhibits

78
Q

USE OF COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

  • COC (E2 &P) PILL
  • __days + __ days break (orally) leads to inhibition of endogenous FSH & LH -follicular growth and ovarian estradiol ovulation is ____
A

21

7

reduced

79
Q

Exogenous COC hormones ____ and ____ endometrial lining

-COC withdrawal (during 7 days break) leads to endometrial ____ which leads to withdrawal of bleeding (simulates ______)

A

develop & maintain

breakdown

menstruation

80
Q

PROGESTERONE/ PROGESTOGENS ONLY (POP)

  • POP pill
  • Depot i.m injection (__ months contraception)
  • Subdermal implants (> __yrs contraception)
  • Intrauterine device:
  • _____ cervical mucus (decrease sperm penetration)
  • _____ endometrial development & embryo implantation.
  • ____ ovulation by ____ LH
A

2-3

2

thickens

inhibits

inhibits

inhibiting

81
Q

MENOPAUSE (Age __-___)
-__________ are used up
-Existing follicles are ______ to ____ and ___
-Sexual cycles ___/ menstruation ___
-_____ secretion of E2 & P ; ____ secretion of FSH & LH

A

45 – 55

Ovarian primordial follicles

unresponsive to FSH & LH

cease; stops

Little

high

82
Q

COMPLICATIONS OF MENOPAUSE DUE TO LOSS OF ESTROGEN

  • ____ and _____ of genital tract
  • Hot flushes (cutaneous vaso____ with ____)

Treatment –

  • __________ therapy)
  • _______ therapy)
A

Dryness & atrophy

dilation; sweating

E2(estrogen replacement

E2,P (hormone replacement

83
Q

COMPLICATIONS OF MENOPAUSE DUE TO LOSS OF ESTROGEN

  Sudden osteoporosis

T/F

A

F

Gradual osteoporosis

84
Q

-Erection is a _____pathetic response that causes ___ of penile arterioles + ____ of penile veins leading to elongation & hardening of penis
-Ejaculation – 2-part spinal sympathetic response (_______ and ______)

A

Parasympathetic

dilation; compression

emission & ejaculation proper

85
Q

EJACULATION

  • Emission – (relaxation or contraction?) of ____/ semen propelled to ____
  • Ejaculation proper – (contraction or relaxation?) of _____ / propulsion of semen out of ____
A

Contraction of internal genitalia

urethra

Contraction

erectile tissue

urethra

86
Q

PREGNANCY
-Developing embryo (blastocyst) becomes surrounded by 2 layers of trophoblastic cells

inner layer –_________ and outer layer –_______

A

cytotrophoblasts

syncytiotrophoblasts

87
Q

Syncytiotrophoblasts burrow into ____ (implantation, __-___days after fertilization) & placenta begins to form

A

endometrium

3-6

88
Q

FERTILIZATION OF OVUM (OOCYTE)

  • ovum viability after ovulation is ___ -___
  • sperm viability in female genital tract is ___-___
  • Adherence of sperm to zona pellucida
  • Fusion of membranes of sperm head & ovum
  • Sperm genetic material enters ovum
A

12 – 24 hrs

24 – 48 hrs

89
Q

Fate of corpus luteum

  • Enlarges & actively secretes ___ and ___
  • Maintained by ___ from the ____ & later from ____
A

E2 & P

hCG

syncytiotrophoblasts

placenta

90
Q

Corpus luteum Persists throughout pregnancy

T/F

91
Q

Placenta fully formed by _-__ wks after conception.

-Functions – nutritive, excretory, respiratory, endocrine

92
Q

ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS OF PLACENTA

  • ___(____ _____ ____)
  • ___(___ _____ _____ ) or ___ (____ ___ ___)
  • ___
  • ______
A

HCG human chorionic gonadotropin

HCS human chorionic somatomammotropin

HPL human placental lactogen

Estrogen

Progesterone

93
Q

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

  • ___-like activity
  • sustains corpus luteum secretion of ____ and ___
  • stimulates fetal testicular secretion of ____
  • peak level around __-___ wk of pregnancy
  • basis of pregnancy tests (detected in urine by ___ days after conception)
A

LH

E2 & P

Testosterone

10th-12th

14

94
Q

hCG is necessary for genital tract differentiation

T/F

95
Q

hCS (human chorionic somatomammotropin )

  • Also called _____
  • (small or large?) growth-promoting activity (in mother)
  • ___eased glucose utilization by mother
  • increased lipo____
  • acts as insulin ____gonist/__ of pregnancy
A

hPL (human placental lactogen)

Small

Decr

lysis

anta; GH

96
Q

hCS causes ___, __+, __++ retention

97
Q 
ESTROGEN
-\_\_\_\_eases uterine musculature
-\_\_\_eases uterine contractile proteins
-\_\_\_eases no. of oxytocin receptors
-\_\_\_\_\_ growth of breast ductal system
-causes  \_\_\_\_\_ retention
A

Incr

Incr

Incr

stimulates

salt & water

98
Q

PROGESTERONE

  • Endometrial ___ of embryo
  • ____ uterine contractility
  • breast development (via ____ and ____)
  • ____eases rate of maternal ventilation
A

nutrition

prevents

lobules & alveoli

Incr

99
Q

Relaxin

  • From _____
  • \___ pelvic joints (facilitates ____ )
  • ____ and ____ cervix (facilitates delivery)
  • ______ uterine contractility (before term)
A

corpus luteum

Relaxes

delivery

Softens & dilates

reduces

100
Q

PROLACTIN
-Stimulates lactogenic apparatus of the breast
T/F

101
Q

MATERNAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PREGNANCY

  • Respiratory system - ___ease in ventilation
  • Water/electrolytes - ___ease in total body water (hydration)
  • NaCl ____ (to maintain normal osmolality)
  • Circulatory system -___eases C.O, blood vol, H.R
  • blood dilution ___eases haemoglobin conc (anaemia)
  • Urinary system -___eases GFR, blood flow/(constriction or dilation ?) of ureters and frequency in (early or late?) pregnancy because the bladder is compressed by ___
A

Incr

Incr

retention

Incr

Decr

Incr

dilation
Late

uterus

102
Q

MATERNAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PREGNANCY

G.I system- ___ease in smooth muscle tone( sphincters)

  • Metabolism - ___eased metabolic rate
  • Uterus – ____ and _____ abdominal organs upwards
A

Decr

Incr

enlarges & displaces

103
Q

LACTATION (MILK SECRETION / LACTOPOIESIS)
Breast development during pregnancy
- E2, P, Prolactin*, Insulin, cortisol (develop _____ cells into ______ cells)
-**Prolactin , the principal hormone involved in milk synthesis

A

Alveolar

active milk-secreting

104
Q

LACTATION (MILK SECRETION / LACTOPOIESIS)
Breast development during pregnancy
T/F

105
Q

______, the principal hormone involved in milk synthesis

106
Q 
Lactation 
-has 3 parts 
~\_\_\_\_\_ (lactogenesis)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
~\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

initiation

Maintenance of lactation

milk ejection

107
Q

Initiation of lactogenesis

  • E2 & P ____ full lactation in pregnancy (E2 & P ____ prolactin action)
  • presence of ___
  • ___ease in E2 & P at parturition
A

inhibit

inhibit

PRL

Decr

108
Q

Maintenance of lactation

  • _______ reflex
  • Stimulus is____ -impulses go to ____ to reduce levels of ___ and increase ___
A

neuroendocrine

suckling

hypothalamus

PIH

PRL

109
Q

Milk ejection
-_______ reflex
– stimulus is ___
– impulses reach the hypothalamus (___eased oxytocin)

A

neuro-endocrine

suckling

Incr

110
Q

Oxytocin stimulates the ____ of myoepithelial cells that leads to Milk ejection from ___ nipple

A

contraction

alveoli

111
Q

Prolactin during lactation ____ menstrual cycle by ____ hormonal secretion by ovary/ pituitary/ hypothalamus

A

suppresses

inhibiting

112
Q

HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA

  • ____ blood levels of PRL
  • Associated with menstrual cycle disturbances & infertility/ libido / impotence
  • Major cause –_____
  • Leads to _______ (excessive/non-physiologic secretion of milk)
  • Treatment – _____ agonists PRL
A

Elevated

pituitary tumors

galactorrhea

dopamine

Phg 204 (9 decks)

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