Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phg 204 > Adrenal Gland > Flashcards

Adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

there are 2 endocrine organs in the adrenal gland

  • (inner or outer?) adrenal medulla secretes __,____,____
  • (inner or outer?) adrenal cortex secretes ____ hormones
A

Inner; adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopaminergic

Outer; steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ADRENAL CORTEX
*divided into 3 zones

  • zona glomerulosa forms __% of the gland . Only one capable of secreting ______ in a significant amount
  • zona fasciculata forms __% of the gland mass. Secretes mainly _____
  • zona reticular is forms __% of the gland mass. Secretes mainly ____,____,and____
A

15 ; aldosterone

75; cortisols

10; adrogens, small estrogens and glucocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Zona fasciculata also secretes small Androgens and estrogens
T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

MINERALOCORTICOIDS
-aldosterone has 3 actions on the ______ and ______ of the kidney:

  • increases Na _____ (on _____ cells)
  • increases K _____ (on _____ cells)
  • increases H ______ (on ______ cells)
A

late distal tubule

collecting ducts

reabsorption; principal

secretion; principal

secretion; alpha intercalated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when aldosterone levels are increased (eg due to _____ tumour), it results in ECF volume (expansion or contraction ?) and (hypotension or hypertension?) , (hypokalemia or hyperkalemia ?) and metabolic (alkalosis or acidosis?)

A

aldosterone-secreting

expansion ; hypertension ; hypokalemia ; alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

conversely when aldosterone levels are decreased (eg due to renal insufficiency ), leads to ECF volume (expansion or contraction ?) , (hypotension or hypertension?) , (hypokalemia or hyperkalemia ?), and metabolic (alkalosis or acidosis?)

A

Contraction

Hypotension

hyperkalemia

Acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Actions of Glucocorticoids

  • ___eases gluconeogenesis
  • ___eases proteolysis (catabolic)
  • ___eases lipolysis
  • ___ease glucose utilization
  • ___ease insulin sensitivity
  • ___eases GFR
  • ____eases REM sleep
A

incr

incr

incr

Decr

Decr

Incr

Decr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Glucocorticoids have an inflammatory function

T/F

A

F

Anti inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glucocorticoids have an immunosuppressive function

T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Glucocorticoids reduce vascular responsiveness to Catecholamines
T/F

A

F

They maintain it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Glucocorticoids stimulate bone formation

T/F

A

F

inhibits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Regulation of cortisol secretion

  • controlled entirely by ____
  • also by other stimuli like any type of ___ or ___ stress
A

ACTH

mental or physical stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ADRENAL ANDROGENS

  • has (masculinizing or femininizing?) effect
  • it is (Anabolic or catabolic?)
  • controlled by ____
A

masculinizing

Anabolic

ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Actions of adrenal androgen

In Female: presence of ___ and ____, ____?

In Male: same function as _____

A

pubic and axillary hair

libido

testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Abnormalities of adrenal cortex hormones

(1) primary adrenal insufficiency
- _____ disease
- failure of secretion of cortex hormones due to _____ of the cortex
- xtericsed by weight (loss or gain?) , (elevated or depressed ?) ACTH levels, chronically (hypotensive or hypertensive?) leading to ___ (_____ crisis)

A

Addison’s

atrophy

Loss

elevated

hypotensive

shock

addisonian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Abnormalities of adrenal cortex hormones

secondary adrenal insufficiency
- _____ disease causing ___ease ACTH secretion

A

pituitary

Decr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Abnormalities of adrenal cortex hormones

tertiary adrenal insufficiency : _____ disorder that disrupts ____ secretion

A

hypothalamic

CRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

CUSHING’s Syndrome

-prolonged ___ease In plasma cortisol

A

Incr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ACTH-dependent Cushing disease due to _____ tumors of the anterior pituitary of Hypothalamus that secretes CRH

-ACTH-independent Cushing disease due to _______ tumor

A

acth secreting

glucocorticoid-secreting adrenal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Characteristics of CUSHING’s syndrome

  • protein (increment or depletion?) due to excess __bolism except in ____ and ___
  • very (thin or thick ?) skin
  • muscles (well or poorly?) developed
  • wounds heal (well or poorly?)
A

depletion

cata

liver and plasma

Thin

poorly

Poorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Characteristics of CUSHING’s syndrome

Generally (thin or thick?) hair but (thin or thick?) hair in face and acne due to _____

A

thin

Thick

androgen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Characteristics of CUSHING’s syndrome

fat distribution is such that
*extremities are (thin or thick ?) but fat deposition in face is ___eased ( ____ face)

*__eased upper back ‘_____’

*___eased abdominal wall (_____ abdomen)

A

Thin

Incr ; Moon

Incr ; Buffalo hump

Incr; pendulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

21 Beta Hydroxylase deficiency

Features:

  • _______ of females
  • (early or late?) acceleration of linear growth
  • (early or late?) appearance pubic and axillary hair
  • symptoms of deficiency of ____ and _____
A

viriliZation

Early

Early

glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency

  • lack of ___ and ____ in females
  • symptoms of (excess or deficiency?) of glucocorticoids
  • symptoms of (excess or deficiency?) mineralocorticods
A

pubic hair and axillary hair

deficiency

excess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The adrenal medulla
-it’s a (sympathetic or parasympathetic ?) ganglion in which the postganglionic neurons have _______ and become _____ cells

-the cells secrete when stimulated by preganglionic nerve fibers that reach the gland through the ______ nerves

A

sympathetic

lost their axons

secretory

splanchnic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

adrenal medullary hormones are essential to life

T/F

A

F

They are not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Adrenal medullary hormones help prepare the individual for ______

A

emergencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Physiological effect of catecholamines

-effects are exerted on target tissues by binding to a ____ site on cell membrane influencing the activity of _____

A

Receptor

adenyl cyclase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

beta adrenergic agents ___ease cyclic AMP levels while alpha adrenergic agents ___rease it

A

incr

Decr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

adrenaline and noradrenaline have both alpha but not beta adrenergic effects
T/F

A

F

They have both alpha and beta adrenergic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Physiological effect of catecholamines

exert metabolic effect - glycogenolysis in ____ and _____ muscles via __-receptor

  • ___eases mobilization of FFA
  • ___eases metabolic rate
  • ___eases force and rate of heart contraction and myocardial excitability
A

liver and skeletal

B

Incr

Incr

Incr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Norepinephrine Elicits vaso_____ through alpha receptor

A

constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

epinephrine elicits ____ of blood vessels in liver and muscles via beta-receptor

A

dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Physiological effect of catecholamines

increased alertness
T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Physiological effect of catecholamines

cause initial ___ease in plasma K then prolong (rise or fall?) in plasma K as K entry into cell is ___eased

A

Incr

Fall

Incr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

ACTION OF DOPAMINE

  • physiological function in circulation is unknown but its injection :
  • produces renal vaso___ and elsewhere vaso____
  • (positive or negative?) inotropic on heart
  • ___eased systolic BP with __ change in diastolic pressure
A

dilation

constriction

positive

Incr

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Dopamine is used in treating traumatic and carcinogenic shock

T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Control of dopamine

  • under (neural or hormonal?) control
  • increased secretion is provoked by _____ stimulation causing increased ____ discharge
A

Neural

emergency

sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

hyperglycemia is a potent stimulus of dopamine

T/F

A

F

Hypo

40
Q

pheochromocytoma is an hormone secreting tumor that can occur in the adrenal gland
T/F

A

T

41
Q

Features of pheochromocytoma

  • catecholamines ___secretion
  • ___tension
  • (reduced or excessive?) sweating
A

hyper

hyper

excessive

42
Q

Features of pheochromocytoma

flushing
nervousness and weakness
Vomiting

T/F

A

T
T
T

43
Q

Features of pheochromocytoma

palpitations

tremor

headaches

nausea

T/F

A

T

44
Q

The adrenal cortex, is of ___dermal origin and has three distinct layers.

It composes ___% of the adrenal tissue

A

meso

80

45
Q

The adrenal cortex differentiates by gestational week ___ and is responsible for the production of fetal adrenal steroids throughout intrauterine life

A

8

46
Q

Soon after birth, the fetal adrenal cortex begins to ______, eventually ______, and is replaced by the ___-layered adult adrenal cortex.

A

involute

disappears

three

47
Q

The adrenal medulla composes approximately ___% of the tissue.

A

20

48
Q

The adrenal medulla is of _____dermal origin

A

neuroecto

49
Q

widest zone of the adrenal cortex is called the zona _____

A

fasciculata

50
Q

cholesterol are ___-carbon steroids

progesterone are __-carbon steroids

the glucocorticoids are __-carbon steroids

the mineralocorticoids are __-carbon steroids

androgens are __-carbon steroids

estrogens are ___-carbon steroids.

A

21

21

21

21

19

18

51
Q

Most of the cholesterol is provided to the adrenal cortex via the _____, and small amounts are synthesized by _______ within the adrenal cortical cells.

A

circulation

de novo

52
Q

Cholesterol circulates bound to ______ ——proteins.

A

low-density lipo

53
Q

17 hydroxylase deficiency causes??

11 hydroxylase deficiency causes??

21 hydroxylase deficiency causes??

A

Hypertension

Hypertension

Virilization

54
Q

Deoxycorticosterone is 30 times more potent than aldosterone

T/F

A

F

1/30

55
Q

if the 17α-hydroxylase step is blocked, the zona fasciculata still can’t produce corticosterone

T/F

A

F

It can

56
Q

______ and _____ are drugs that inhibit glucocorticoid biosynthesis.

A

Metyrapone and ketoconazole

57
Q

DHEA and androstenedione

VS

Testosterone

Which is more potent?

A

Testosterone

58
Q

Adrenal androgens have a ____ group at C___ that distinguishes them from cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone

A

ketone

17

59
Q

Cortisol and aldosterone have ____ at C17 while ____ has a hydroxyl group at C17.

A

side chains

Testosterone

60
Q

major adrenal androgens can be measured in the urine.

T/F

A

T

61
Q

Aldosterone is the only steroid with mineralocorticoid activity

T/F

A

F

It’s not

62
Q

______ and _____ also have mineralocorticoid activity besides also

A

11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and corticosterone

63
Q

The zonae fasciculata/reticularis, are under the exclusive control of the ______

A

hypothalamic-pituitary axis

64
Q

The zona glomerulosa,depends on ACTH for ______, but otherwise it is controlled separately via the ______ system.

A

the first step in steroid biosynthesis

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

65
Q

Cortisol is released in a pulsatile manner and nocturnal

T/F

A

F

Pulsatile and diurnal

66
Q

The daily profile of blood cortisol levels is characterized by an average of ___ secretory bursts during a 24-hour period

A

10

67
Q

The lowest secretory rates of cortisol occur during the ____ hours and just (before or after ?) falling asleep and the highest secretory rates occur just (before or after?) awakening in the morning

A

evening

After

Before

68
Q

ACTH __ amino acids

Glucagon __ amino acids

A

39

29

69
Q

ACTH has a pulsatile and diurnal secretory pattern

T/F

A

T

70
Q

Cortisol directly inhibits secretion of CRH from the hypothalamus
T/F

A

T

71
Q

Cortisol (directly or indirectly ) inhibits CRH secretion by effects on ____ neurons, which synapse on the hypothalamus.

A

indirectly

hippocampal

72
Q

Cortisol inhibits the action of CRH on the anterior pituitary, resulting in inhibition of ____ secretion.

A

ACTH

73
Q

The dexamethasone suppression test is based on the _____ effects of cortisol on the_____ axis.

A

negative feedback

CRHACTH

74
Q

Dexamethasone is a synthetic ____

A

glucocorticoid

75
Q

Dexamethasone has all of the actions of cortisol excluding the negative feedback effect on ACTH secretion.

T/F

A

F

Including

76
Q

When a low dose of dexamethasone is given to a healthy person, it (stimulates or inhibits?) ___ secretion

A

Inhibits

ACTH

77
Q

The major use of the dexamethasone suppression test is in persons with _____

A

hypercortisolism

78
Q

The dexamethasone suppression test is used to determine whether the hypercortisolism is due to an ______ tumor or a _____ tumor of the adrenal cortex.

A

ACTHsecreting

cortisol-secreting

79
Q

If the cause of hypercortisolism is an ACTH-secreting tumor of the anterior pituitary, a low dose of dexamethasone ______ cortisol secretion while a high dose of dexamethasone _____ because The __________[_____

A

does not suppress

does

tumor’s ACTH secretion is less sensitive to negative feedback by glucocorticoids than is normal anterior pituitary tissue.

80
Q

If the cause of hypercortisolism is an adrenal cortical tumor, then _____________ cortisol secretion because The ___________

A

neither low-dose nor high-dose dexamethasone suppresses

tumor’s secretion of cortisol is autonomous and is not affected by changes in the ACTH level

81
Q

ACTH has a tonic effect on aldosterone secretion.

T/F

A

T

82
Q

Factors Affecting ACTH Secretion

Stress
hyperglycemia
ADH
 α-Adrenergic agonists
 β-Adrenergic agonists 
Serotonin
Opioids

Inhibits or stimulates

A 
Stimulates 
Inhibits 
Stimulates 
Stimulates
Inhibits
Stimulates 
Inhibits
83
Q

Increases in serum K+ concentration increase aldosterone secretion

T/F

A

T

84
Q

The adrenal cortex produces the androgenic compounds, _____ and _____ , which are converted to _____ primarily in the testes.

A

DHEA and androstenedione

testosterone

85
Q

Cushing syndrome vs Cushing disease

A

Adrenal hyperplasia

Excess ACTH

86
Q

Conn Syndrome ( _______ -Secreting Tumor)

A

Aldosterone

87
Q

ACTH levels of Cushing syndrome?

A

Reduced

88
Q

Treatment of Cushing disease is
________

Treatment of Cushing syndrome is
________

A

Surgical removal of ACTH-secreting tumor

Ketocanazole
Metyrapone

89
Q

In secondary adreno-cortical insufficiency, ACTH levels are ____

A

low

90
Q

Treatment of Conn syndrome consists of administration of an aldosterone antagonist such as ________ followed by ______ of the ______ tumor.

A

spironolactone

surgical removal

aldosterone-secreting

91
Q

Addison’s disease

\_\_\_\_glycemia
weight \_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_tension
\_\_\_\_kalemia
Metabolic \_\_\_\_\_ 
\_\_\_\_eased pubic and axillaryhair in females
\_\_\_\_pigmentation
A

Hypo

loss

Hypo

Hyper

acidosis

Decr
Hyper

92
Q

Addison’s disease causes Anorexia

T/F

A

T

93
Q

Addison’s disease
Causes Weakness

T/F

A

T

94
Q

Primary aldosteronism Results from a tumor of the zona ______ resulting in _____ aldosterone

A

glomerulosa

excess

95
Q

In conn’s syndrome there is

___kalemia
Slight ___eased in ECF vol. and blood vol.
____tension

A

Hypo

Incr

Hyper

Phg 204 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions