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Phg 204 > RAAS And Pineal Gland > Flashcards

RAAS And Pineal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

PINEAL GLAND

  • aka _____
  • is in the __cephalic area of brain (above or below?) the hypothalamus
  • its a small ____ shaped structure with a length of about _____

-has 2 types of cells:large epithelial cells called _____ cells, and _____ cells

A

epiphysis

dien

Above

cone ; 10mm

parenchyma

neuroglial

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2
Q

in adults the pineal gland is _____ but the _____ cells exists and secrete the hormonal substance

A

calcified

epithelial

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3
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE PINEAL GLAND

  • controls sexual activity in animals by regulating the ______
  • secretes the hormonal substance called _____
A

seasonal fertility

melatonin

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4
Q

Pineal gland plays a major role In regulating the sexual functions in humans
T/F

A

F

Just a little

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5
Q

MELATONIN

  • secreted by the _____ cells of pineal gland
  • melatonin is an indole (________)
A

parenchymal

N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine

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6
Q

ACTIONS OF MELATONIN
-it acts mainly on gonads
T/F

A

T

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7
Q

Melatonin’s actions differ from species to species

T/F

A

T

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8
Q

in some animals melatonin stimulates gonads,while in other animals it inhibits gonads
T/F

A

T

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9
Q

in humans, melatonin _____ the onset of puberty by ____ing the ____

A

inhibits

inhibit

gonads

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10
Q

Diurnal variation in melatonin secretion

-melatonin secretion is (less or more?) in darkness than in daylight

A

more

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11
Q

in animals , the secretion of melatonin varies according to activities in different periods of the day
T/F

A

T

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12
Q

______ is responsible for the circadian flunctuations of melatonin secretion

A

hypothalamus

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13
Q

RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM

RENIN

  • _______ produces and secretes certain enzyme which include renin
  • renin is produced by the _________
  • is a peptide with ____ amino acids
A

kidney

juxtaglomerulus apparatus

340

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14
Q

along with Angiotensins, renin forms the ______ system , which is a hormone system that plays an important role in the maintenance of _____

A

renin-angiotensin

blood pressure

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15
Q

Stimulants for renin secretion
Secretion of renin is stimulated by four factors
- (rise or fall?) in arterial blood pressure
-(increase or reduction?) in ECF volume
-(increased or decreased ?) sympathetic activity
-(increased or decreased?) load of sodium and chloride in ______

A

fall

reduction

increased

decreased

macula densa

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16
Q

Renin - angiotensin system

-when renin is released into the blood , it acts on a specific plasma protein called _______ or renin substrate

A

angiotensinogen

17
Q

RAAS

By the activity of renin , the angiotensinogen is converted into a ____peptide called _____

A

deca

angiotensin 1

18
Q

RAAS

angiotensin 1 is converted tO ______ which is an ___peptide by the activity of _____ secreted from the ____

A

angiotensin 2

octa

ACE

lungs

19
Q

RAAS

Angiotensin 2 has a (short or long ?) half life of about ______ then it’s rapidly degraded into a ___peptide called _____ by _______ which are present in ____ cells and vascular beds in many tissues

A

Short

1-2 minutes

hepta

angiotensin 3

angiotensinases

RBCs

20
Q

ACTIONS OF ANGIOTENSINS
-AG1 is physiologically (active or inactive?) and serves as the precursor of ____ which is the most (active or inactive ?) form of the Angiotensins

A

inactive

AG2

active

21
Q

Angiotensin actions are :

On blood vessels

  • AG2 _____ arterial blood pressure by directly acting on the blood vessels and causing vasoconstriction.
  • it ______ blood pressure (directly or direindirectly by increasing the release of noradrenaline from postganglionic sympathetic fibers.
A

increases

increases

22
Q

AG2 is a potent constrictor of the arterioles

T/F

A

T

23
Q

NE is a general vasoconstrictor

T:F

A

T

24
Q

Angiotensin actions are:

On Adrenal cortex:
-stimulates zona _____ of adrenal cortex to release _____

A

glomerulosa

aldosterone

25
Q

aldosterone acts on renal tubules _____ retention of sodium which is also responsible for elevation of blood pressure

A

increases

26
Q

Angiotensin actions are:
On kidney
-AG 2 regulates GFR by 2 ways
*constricts the efferent arterioles which causes ____ in filtration after an initial _____
*contracts the glomerular mesangial cells leading to _____ in surface area of gomerular capillaries and filtration

-it _____ sodium resorption from renal tubules . This action is more predominant on ___

A

decrease; increase

decrease

increases

proximal tubules

27
Q

Angiotensin actions are:

ON BRAIN

  • AG2 (inhibits or stimulates?) the baroreceptor reflex and thereby (directly or indirectly?) ______ the blood pressure
  • _____ water intake by (inhibiting or stimulating?) the thirst center
  • _____ the release of CRH from hypothalamus. CRH Inturn ____ secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone from pituitary
  • it ______ secretion of ADH from hypothalamus
A

inhibits

indirectly

increases

increases; stimulating

increases; increases; increases

Phg 204 (9 decks)

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