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Phg 204 > Insulin > Flashcards

Insulin Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine cells of the pancreas are arranged in clusters called the _______

A

islets of Langerhans

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2
Q

Islets of Langerhans compose _% to _% of the pancreatic mass.

A

1

2

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3
Q

There are approximately ______ islets of Langerhans, each containing about ____ cells.

A

1 million

2500

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4
Q

The β cells compose __% of the islet and secrete ____.

A

65

insulin

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5
Q

The α cells compose ___% of the islet and secrete ____.

A

20

glucagon

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6
Q

The delta (δ) cells compose ___% of the islet and secrete ___.

The remaining cells secrete ______ or other peptides.

A

10

somatostatin

pancreatic polypeptide

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7
Q

The central core of the islet of Langerhans contains mostly ___ cells, with α cells distributed ______.

The __ cells are interposed between α and β cells

A

β

around the outer rim

δ

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8
Q

The islets receive about ___% of the total pancreatic blood flow.

A

10

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9
Q

first hormone to be isolated from animal sources in a form that could be administered therapeutically to humans is _______

A

Insulin

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10
Q

the first hormone to have its primary and tertiary structure determined is ______?

the first hormone to have its mechanism of action elucidated is _____ , while the first hormone to be measured by radioimmunoassay is _________?

the first hormone known to be synthesized from a larger precursor (prohormone); and the first hormone to be synthesized with recombinant DNA technology.

A

Insulin

Insulin

Insulin

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11
Q

Pancreas is a Flattened organ

T/F

A

T

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12
Q

Pancreas Lies ____peritoneally & (longitudinally or transversely?) across ____ abdominal wall

A

retro

transversely

posterior

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13
Q

Pancreas is (anterior or Posterior?) to stomach, between duodenum on (left or right?) & spleen on (left or right?)

A

Posterior

Right

Left

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14
Q

Pancreas is Classified as purely endocrine

T/F

A

F

endocrine & endocrine

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15
Q

Somatostatin Inhibits secretion of insulin and stimulates secretion of glucagon

T/F

A

F

Inhibits insulin & glucagon

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16
Q

Insulin is a peptide hormone consisting of two straight chains, an A chain (___ amino acids) and a B chain (__ amino acids).

A

21

30

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17
Q

________ link the A chain to the B chain of insulin , and a ___________ is located within the A chain.

A

Two disulfide bridges

third disulfide bridge

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18
Q

The synthesis of insulin is directed by a gene on ___, chromosome a member of a superfamily of genes that encode related growth factors.

A

11

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19
Q

Stimulatory Factors of insulin secretion

___eased glucose concentration
___eased amino acid concentration
___eased fatty acid

A

Incr

Incr

Incr

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20
Q

Decreased ketoacid concentration stimulates insulin secretion

T/F

A

F

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21
Q

Hormones that stimulate insulin secretion are

______

_____

______

_____

A

glucagon

growth hormone

cortisol

GIP Potassium

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22
Q

Vagal stimulation by _____

A

acetylcholine

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23
Q

Sulfonylurea drugs e.g., ______ , _______ etc , (stimulate or inhibits) insulin secretion

A

tolbutamide

glyburide

Stimulates

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24
Q

Obesity (stimulates or Inhibits ?) insulin secretion

A

Stimulates

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25
Q

Inhibitory Factors of inulin secretion

____eased blood glucose

___ Adrenergic agonists

A

glucose

α

26
Q

Fasting increases or inhibits insulin secretion

A

Inhibits

27
Q

Exercise stimulates or inhibits insulin secretion???

A

Inhibits

28
Q

Somatostatin stimulates or inhibits insulin secretion

A

Inhibits

29
Q

Diazoxide stimulates or inhibits insulin secretion

A

Inhibits

30
Q

Mechanisms of Insulin secretion by pancreatic cell

Transport of ____ into the ___ cell

Metabolism of ____ inside the cell occurs

ATP closes ____ channel

Depolarization cases ____ of calcium channels

Increased ___cellular calcium causes insulin secretion

A

glucose; beta

glucose

ATP; potassium

opening;calcium

intra

31
Q

MECHANISM OF ACTION

Insulin binds with the ____ subunit

It elicits a change in the ___ subunit causing it to _______

______ is activated causing further _____ of kinases and enzymes involved in insulin action

Insulin receptor complex is then _____, meaning It is either ______ by ____, stored, or _____ to the cell membrane to be used again.

A

alpha

beta; autophosphorylate

Tyrosine kinase; phosphorylation

internalized; degraded by proteases

recycled

32
Q

Action of Insulin

\_\_\_\_eases  glucose  uptake  into  the cells 
\_\_\_\_eases  glycogen  formation 
\_\_\_\_eases  glycogenolysis 
\_\_\_eases  gluconeogenesis 
\_\_\_\_eases  protein  synthesis 
\_\_\_\_eases  fat deposition
\_\_\_\_\_eases  lipolysis
\_\_\_\_eases  K +  uptake  into  cells
A

Incr

Incr

Decr

Decr

Incr

Incr

Decr

Incr

33
Q

Effect on Blood level

___ease blood glucose
____eases blood f.acid
____eases blood a.acid ____eases blood ketoacid
_____eases blood [K+]

A

Decr

Decr

Decr

Decr

Decr

34
Q

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or type __ diabetes mellitus , is caused by destruction of _____, often as a result of ______ process.

A

I

β cells

an autoimmune

35
Q

Inadequate Insulin secretion results in metabolic derangement of CHO, fat, and protein metabolism.
T/F

A

T

36
Q

The nonreabsorbed glucose acts as an osmotic ____ in urine, producing an osmotic _____, poly___, and _____.

A

solute

diuresis

uria

thirst

37
Q

Polyuria produces ECF volume (contraction or expansion?) and ___tension.

A

contraction

hypo

38
Q

Lack of insulin also causes a shift of K + hyperkalemia (out or in?) of cells, resulting jn ____kalemia

A

Out

Hyper

39
Q

Treatment of type I diabetes mellitus consists of ________ therapy.

A

insulin replacement

40
Q

Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ,or type __ diabetes MELLITUS, is often associated with ____.

A

2

obesity

41
Q

Type II diabetes mellitus is caused by _____ of _____ in target tissues and insulin _____.

A

down regulation

insulin receptors

resistance

42
Q

In type 2 diabetes, Insulin secreted cannot ______ on ____, ____, and _____; thus, insulin is unable to produce its usual metabolic effects.

A

activate its receptors

muscle; liver ; adipose tissue

43
Q

Treatment of type II diabetes mellitus includes

caloric ____ and weight ____

treatment with drugs e.g., _______ or ________, which _____ pancreatic insulin secretion; and treatment with ___ drugs (e.g., ____), which _____ insulin receptors on target tissues.

A

restriction

reduction

sulfonylurea tolbutamide or glyburide

stimulate

biguanide; metformin; upregulate

44
Q

GLUCAGON

Secreted by the ____ cells.

A

alpha

45
Q

_______“mirror’s the image” of insulin

A

Glucagon

46
Q

insulin is the hormone of “ ________”

A

abundance

47
Q

glucagon is the hormone of “_____.”

A

starvation

48
Q

In contrast to insulin, which promotes storage of metabolic fuels, glucagon promotes their mobilization and utilization
T/F

A

T

49
Q

Stimulatory factors for glucagon release

Fasting
T/F

A

T

50
Q

Decreased glucose concentration inhibits glucagon secretion

T/F

A

F

51
Q

Increased amino acid concentration stimulates glucagon, especially ______ and ____)

A

arginine and alanine

52
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits glucagon

T/F

A

F

53
Q

ACTIONS OF GLUCAGON

____eases glycogenolysis

____eases gluconeogenesis

____eases lipolysis

____eases ketoacid formation

A

Incr

Incr

Incr

Incr

54
Q

Somatostatin

Pancreatic somatostatin, a polypeptide with ____ amino acids, is secreted by the ___ Langerhans cells

A

14

δ

55
Q

Secretion of somatostatin is stimulated by the ingestion of all by 2 forms of nutrients
T/F

A

F

All forms

56
Q

Somatostatin secretion is inhibited by ____ via an ____ paracrine mechanism.

A

insulin

intraislet

57
Q

Pancreatic somatostatin inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon via ___ actions on the α and β cells.

A

paracrine

58
Q

GLUT2, a specific transporter for glucose that moves glucose from the ____ into the ___ by _____

A

blood

cell

facilitated diffusion

59
Q

_____________ (GIP)

A

glucosedependent insulinotropic peptide

60
Q

intravenous glucose is a more powerful stimulant for insulin secretion than oral glucose.

T/F

With reason

A

F

The reason for this difference is that oral glucose stimulates the secretion of glucosedependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), a gastrointestinal hormone that has an independent stimulatory effect on insulin secretion (adding to the direct effect of glucose on the β cells). Intravenous glucose does not cause the release of GIP and thus only acts directly

61
Q

Insulin increases glucose transport into target cells such as muscle and adipose by directing the insertion of glucose transporters (____) into the cell membranes

A

GLUT4

62
Q

Which glucose transporter takes glucose from blood, into the beta cell

A

GLUT 2

Phg 204 (9 decks)

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